1. Industrialization in the Late 19th Century

2. 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Railway Act of 1862
U.S. Government hired Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railway Company to extend railways across the United States.
Central Pacific
Started in Sacramento, CA
Union Pacific
Started in Omaha, NE
The two railroad companies met in Promontory, Utah to drive the “Golden Spike” on May 10, 1869

3. Promontory, Utah May 10, 1869

5. The Workers Workers were mainly Chinese and Irish immigrants
Working conditions were poor
Reasons:
Weather
Rough terrain

6. Railroad Developments
Train problems:
Dirty, noisy, uncomfortable
1869 George Westinghouse:
Development of air brakes
1887 Granville Woods:
Telegraph system for train communication

7. Time Zones Scheduling was a major concern
Set clocks according to solar time
Time differences from town to town created confusion.
1883: National System of Time Zones
How many total time zones does the USA have?

8. USA Time Zones Name the time zones!
Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Samoan, Alaskan, Hawaiian-Aleutian, Atlantic
Name the time zones!

10. Who did the Railroad Impact?
Native Americans
called it the Iron Horse
Helped Westward expansion
Trade much easier
Became crucial to the U.S. economy – shipping costs dropped drastically.
Hurt farmers economically
Made deals with wealthy businessmen
Corruption

11. Legislation
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 – put in place for Govt to supervise railroad activities
Led to more financial problems (railroads were forced out of business, which led to the Panic of 1893)
This caused the Large Firms to start buying up the railways, which paved the way for Big Businesses

12. Industrialization Factors
Unskilled and semi-skilled labor in abundance
New, talented entrepreneurs
Oil
Inventions
New technology that allows mass production
Bessemer Process
Railroads
Changes in business strategy
Vertical Integration & Horizontal Consolidation
Social Darwinism

13. How was steel produced in mass amount???

14. Melt iron, add carbon, remove impurities
The Bessemer Process
Henry Bessemer
English businessman
William Kelly
Kentucky businessman
Developed new way of making steel:
Melt iron, add carbon, remove impurities

15. Brooklyn Bridge Old way to Manhattan to Brooklyn was ferry
Winter: ferry could not run because of ice
John Roebling
German began building
Dies in mid construction
Washington Roebling completes
Son
Disabled by accident during construction
Completed on May 24, 1883

16. Growth of Big Business

17. Robber Barons or Capitals of Industry
Robber barons: business leaders who built fortune from stealing from the public.
Capitals of Industry: business leaders served their nation in a positive way.

18. Social Darwinism Charles Darwin – survival of the fittest
Social Darwin theory evolved:
Society should do as little as possible to interfere with peoples pursuit of success
AS A RESULT
Government did not TAX or REGULATE businesses!!!

19. So what happens?
Workers who keep industry afloat while big business rests and reaps the rewards of the work completed.

20. Monopoly
How does the game work?
What is the goal of the game?

21. Big Business Emerges! Monopoly Cartel Trust
to have complete control of a product or service.
Cartel
businesses who make the same product – agree to limit supply to keep prices high.
Trust
separate companies placed under a single managing board – Board of trustees

22. Vertical and Horizontal Integration
Vertical: gaining control of the businesses who make up all phases of a product’s development.
Horizontal: bringing together the many firms in the same business.

23. Who did this??

24. Andrew Carnegie Scottish businessman “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
Inequality is inevitable and good.
Vertical Consolidation
Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
80% of fortune went to education.
At time of death, he had given away – 350 million.
Andrew Carnegie

25. John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil Co.
Eventually owned all oil companies in US.
Horizontal consolidation
40 companies
John D. Rockefeller

26. Standard Oil Co.

27. The Reorganization of Work
Frederick W. Taylor
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

28. The Reorganization of Work
The Assembly Line
Mass production

29. The Changing American Labor Force

30. Child Labor

31. Child Labor

32. Conditions Long hours Less than $1.00 per week
Difficult, dangerous and unhealthy work
Heavy machinery
Could lose finger, arm or be scalped by machinery
Dusty, cold/hot respiratory conditions
Corporal punishment

33. Child Labor today?

34. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor “scabs”
lockout
blacklisting
collective Bargaining
informational picketing
organized strikes

35. A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

36. An injury to one is the concern of all!
Knights of Labor
Terence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of all!

37. Goals of the Knights of Labor
Eight-hour workday.
Abolition of child and prison labor.
Equal pay for men and women.
Safety codes in the workplace.

38. Labor Unrest:

39. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

40. McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

41. Haymarket Martyrs

42. The American Federation of Labor: 1886
Samuel Gompers

43. How the AF of L Would Help the Workers
Catered to the skilled worker.
Represented workers in matters of national legislation.
Maintained a national strike fund.
Evangelized the cause of unionism.
Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
Mediated disputes between management and labor.
Pushed for closed shops.

44. Homestead Steel Strike (1892)
Homestead Steel Works
The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers

45. A “Company Town”:
Pullman, IL

46. Pullman Cars
A Pullman porter

47. The Pullman Strike of 1894

48. Government by injunction!
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!

49. The Socialists
Eugene V. Debs

50. International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

51. “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW
Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

52. I W W

53. Labor Union Membership

54. Discussion Questions
What were the cost and benefits of the industrial transformation of the Post- Civil War era?
Was the growing class division of the time a threat to American democracy? Why or why not?