1. Phylum Chordataشعبة الحبليات
Lecture 18: Animal Classification
Phylum Chordataشعبة الحبليات
The phylum to which we belong consists of the subphylum Vertebrata, the animals with backbonesالعمود الفقري .
Humans and their closest relatives are vertebrates.
This group includes other mammals, birds, lizards, snakes, turtles, amphibians, and the various classes of fishes.
They share several unique features including a backbone, a series of vertebrae.
The phylum Chordata includes four subphyla,
Subphylum : Vertebrataالفقاريات
Subphylum : Urochordataالذيل حبليات
Subphylum : Cephalochordataالرأس حبليات ).
Subphylum : Hemichordata النصف حبليات
All vertebrates belong to Subphylum Vertebrata within the chordates.

2. Animal Types
All animals are grouped as either an invertebrate or a vertebrate.
95% of all animals are invertebrate organisms.
The animals do not have a backbone or vertebral column.
5% of all animals are vertebrates.
These animals do have a backbone.

3. Diversity of Chordates
Section 33-1
Diversity of Chordates

5. Why are fishes so successful?
Adapt to environment
Extract oxygen from small amounts of oxygen per unit volume
Efficient locomotor structures
High sensory system
Efficient reproduction (produces overwhelming number of offspring)

6. Nutrition and Digestion
Most are predators (always searching for food)
Invertebrates, vertebrates
Swallow prey whole
Capture prey: suction-closing the opercula and rapidly opening mouth
Some filter feeders- Gill rakers: trap plankton while the fish is swimming with mouth open.
Some herbivores and omnivores

7. Reproduction and Development
Ovoparous-- Lay undeveloped eggs, External fertilization (90% of bony fish), Internal fertilization (some sharks and rays)
fish lay huge numbers of eggs; a female cod may release 4-6 million eggs.
Ovoviviparous- Internal development- without direct maternal nourishment-Advanced at birth (most sharks + rays)-Larval birth (some scorpeaniforms-rockfish)
Viviparous- Internal development- direct nourishment from mother-Fully advanced at birth (some sharks, surf perches)
In fishes, oviparity is most common; the eggs are inexpensive to produce, and as eggs are in the water, they do not dry out (oxygen, nutrients are not scarce). The adult can produce many offspring, which they broadcast into the plankton column. When the offspring settle out of the plankton, they may be in totally new environments, allowing for a great area in which the young may survive. This mode also comes with its disadvantages; when born, the fish must first go through a larval stage for growth before they transform into the adult stage. In this larval stage, they must fend for themselves in obtaining food and avoiding predation. They may not find a suitable environment when they settle out of the plankton column. The survival of individual eggs is very low, so millions of eggs must be produced in order for the parent to successfully produce offspring. The other modes have their advantages, the eggs are much less prone to predation when carried within the mother, and the young are born fully advanced and ready to deal with the environment as miniature adults. These advantages come with a price-tag also; the adult must supply nutrients to its offspring and can only produce a few eggs at a time. The young are limited to the environment that their parents were in, and if this environment is deteriorating, they are stuck with it.

8. Phylum: Chordataالحبليات Subphylum : Vertebrataالفقريات 1- Class Amphibiaالبرمائيات frogs (amphibian)الضفدعة
Amphibian means “two lives,” a reference to the metamorphosis of many frogs from an aquatic stage, the tadpole, to the terrestrial adult.
Tadpoles are usually aquatic herbivores with gillsخياشيم , a lateral line system, and swim by undulating its tail.
During metamorphosisالتحول , the tadpole develops legs, and gills are replaced by lungs.
Adult frogs are carnivorous huntersلاحم .
Most amphibians retain close ties with water and are most abundant in damp habitats.

9. External Structures
Mucous-covered skin: protection from microorganisms, UV, desiccation, and mechanical injury.
Allows for: Gas exchange, temperature regulation, and absorption/storage of water.
Amphibians’ skin keeps them moist, aids in mating, can produce toxins, even change color.
Sometimes it has bumps, claws warts or a sandpaper texture due to keratin buildups.
All this without scales feather or hair.
So how?? With lots of glands.

10. Nutrition and digestion
Adults
Mostly carnivores feeding on invertebrates.
Bullfrogs however will eat small mammals, birds, or other anurans given the chance.
Hunt by sight, wait for prey to pass by
Salamanders and caecilians use olfactory senses to help catch prey.
Larvae
Mostly herbivores

11. Vocalization Usually used for mating in anurans.
Attract females
Mark territory
Calls are species specific
Can give a distress call.
Hopefully enough to scare a
predator into dropping the frog.
Helps ensure a mate of the
proper species is found.

12. Metamorphosis
Series of abrupt structural, physiological, and behavioral changes.
Anurans have the most dramatic metamorphism
Limbs and lungs develop
Gill are lost
Tail is reabsorbed
Skin thickens
Head and digestive tract change to allow them to digest prey.