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2. Unpredictable river flooding
Strong winds and monsoons
Protected to the north by the massive Himalayan Mountains

3. Artifacts and buildings discovered in 1922
Writing discovered but still not translated

4. Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro
Both had a well-planned grid pattern
Built with standard size bricks & with extensive plumbing systems

5. Farmed wheat, barley, melons, dates
Used irrigation systems and canals
Traded cotton cloth, grain, copper, bronze pearls, & ivory in cities

6. Included a mother goddess of creation
Polytheistic
Included a mother goddess of creation
Used images of sacred animals such as the bull and tiger

7. Society ends around 1500 BC
Theories include natural disasters (tsunami, earthquake)
Possible invasion by Aryans

8. Indo-European people
Migrate into India through Khyber Pass around BC
Begins the Vedic Age based on the Vedas

9. Written in Sanskrit beginning about 1500 BC
The oldest scriptures of Hinduism
Include poems, prayers, and the Hindu Gods & Goddesses

10. Divided by occupation:
Brahmins – priests
Kshatriyas – warriors
Vaisyas – herders, farmers, artisans, merchants
Sudras – Non- Aryans, laborers, servants

11. This hierarchy develops into Hindu caste system
Establishes the basis for Hindu society

12.
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13. Civilization grows along the Huang He (Yellow) River
Fine soil carried in the river called loess gives it a yellow color
Dikes built to keep river from overflowing

14. Isolated by natural barriers – mountains, deserts
Led to belief that China was the sole source of civilization
Little contact with traders and invaders

15. Dynasties ruled by families
From about – 1027 BC
Dynasties ruled by families
Kings ruled a small area, loyal family clans held the rest

16. Shang Di was the Supreme Deity
Gods will not respond to mere mortals
Ancestor worship involved rituals and sacrifices to speak to the Gods

17. The Yin & Yang symbolize the balance of two forces
Yin = Earth, darkness, female, cool, wet
Yang = Heaven, light, male, warm, dry

18. Oldest examples found on oracle bones
Over 10,000 pictograph & ideograph characters
Developed into calligraphy
A single writing system helped unite China

19. The royal family & nobles control society
Artisans and merchants represent the middle class
Most of the population are peasant farmers

20. Copper coins used
Expanding trade routes
Develop silk thread from cocoons of silkworms
Silk becomes a valuable export