1. Tool Marks and Impressions

2. Tool Manufacturing
When tools are made, during the manufacturing process imperfections are left on the tools’ surface.
These imperfections are unique and specific for each individual tool. Some imperfections are:
Missing or partial teeth
Raised metal nodes or ridges
Distinctive signs of wear or damage
A broken tip or blade
Forensic scientists use this information to determine what tool left behind its mark.
The distance between a toothed instrument’s teeth is considered a class characteristic.
Bolt Cutters

3. Tool Marks
Tool marks are the impressions left on a surface when the two surfaces come in contact with sufficient force.
Tool marks will either be left as a negative impression or an abrasion.

4. Tools
The following tools are frequently submitted as evidence in creating tool marks and impressions:
Bolt cutters
Screwdrivers and chisels
Scissors
Knives and box cutters
Pliers and wrenches
Crowbars and tire irons
Saws and knives

5. Places
The following places are where tool marks and impressions are usually found:
Wires and chains
Door and window frames
Sections of sheet metal
Safety-deposit boxes and safes
Human bone or cartilage
Padlocks and doorknobs
Bolts and locks

6. Tool Mark Scenarios
Striated or impressed marks may be produced by tools based on the types of actions performed. Tools may leave a variety of combinations of striated and impressed tool marks as described in the table that follows.

7. Tool Mark Scenarios Action Description Example Scraping
A flat-bladed tool held at a 90o to a surface and drawn across that surface
Door or window frame with surface scrapes from a screwdriver or pry bar
Pinching
An opposed blade cutting tool, such as a pair of bolt cutters or diagonal wire cutters
Remains of explosive devices
Shearing
Shear cutters, the blades of which are offset to pass by each other in the cutting process, such as tin snips or scissors
Cut alarm or telephone wires
Slicing
A single-bladed tool, such as a knife or axe
Tires, wires, and (rarely) bone and cartilage
Prying
A prying tool using leverage to force open a locked door or cover at one of its edges. May be a flat-bladed prying tool, (e.g., crowbar, screwdriver, tire iron, etc.)
Bank or store safe, or the strike plate of doors
Gripping
A gripping tool with opposing jaws, such as a pipe wrench, pliers, or a vise. Serrated jawed gripping tools add another dimension to the types of marks present
Doorknobs
Crimping
An opposing jawed tool designed to press material together without cutting it
Lead seals (e.g., bank money bags, or containers for classified material)

8. Matching Tool to Tool Mark
Since the tool has specific and unique markings on it from the manufacturing process, it is possible to accurately match the tool mark with the tool that created it.

9. Matching Tools with Tool Marks
On the next following slides, an identification procedure commonly used by tool mark experts will be explained.
                                                                                          

10. Tool Mark Matching Procedure
1. The expert attempts to duplicate the original crime-scene mark by using the suspected tool to create a comparable mark on a similar test medium.

11. Tool Mark Matching Procedure
2. The test mark is compared to the original mark via microscopic examination.
3. Patterns of impressions or groups of striations are matched up under a three-dimensional stereoscopic comparison microscope.

12. Tool Mark Matching Procedure
4. Two dimensional photomicrographs (photos) of the comparison are taken for record purposes.
5. If the marks are sufficiently similar, the expert may conclude that they were made by the same tool.

13. Let’s Focus on Knives
Unlike wood, metal, plastic, and other hard surfaces, human tissue is pliable and does not readily retain detailed marks.
Thus, knife mark analysis in human tissue traditionally has been limited to an overall observation of the wound itself and a microscopic examination of the interior and exterior surfaces of the wound to detect cuts in the skin/muscle or the presence of fibers or other trace materials.
From this analysis, an examiner may deduce, for instance, the general length, width, shape, or contour of the knife blade, and the presence of any foreign matter.
Knife Shapes/Types

14. Stab wound from a single edge blade (blade on the left)
Knives
It is obvious to see from all the different types of knife blades that each blade will make a unique shape tool mark or stab wound.
This stab wound will help narrow down the type of knife used, which will aid the investigation and narrow down the suspects.
Stab wound from a single edge blade (blade on the left)

15. Additional Information
Additional information can be gained from examining tool marks and impressions.
Depending on the side of the victim’s body that the tool marks are on will help determine if the suspect is left or right handed.
The directionality of the marks/stab wounds will help determine the height of the suspect.
Forensic investigators use all information possible to narrow down the suspect field.