1. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Review

6. Stage
Location
Summary
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate.
2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced -- net yield of 2 ATP
2 NADH produced
2 H2O released
Does not require oxygen.
Pyruvate Oxidation
Mitochondrial Membrane Space
Pyruvate is oxidized into a 2C Acetyl group and joins with CoA before entering Krebs.
1 NADH, 1CO2
Kreb cycle
Mitochondrial Matrix
Pyruvate is fully oxidised into Carbon Dioxide
1 ATP per pyruvate is produced (i.e. 2 ATP per glucose)
3 NADH per pyruvate is produced (i.e. 6 NADH per glucose)
1 FADH2 per pyruvate is produced (i.e. 2 FADH2 per glucose)
Requires the presence of oxygen but does not use it
Electron Transport Chain
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Electron carriers are regenerated (FAD and NAD+)
The energy from the removed electrons are used to drive the synthesis of about 34 ATPs per glucose through the process of chemiosmosis.
Water is an end product
Requires oxygen  electron acceptor

8. Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is formed Indirectly
Begins with Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) removes 2 H atoms from the original glucose molecule
2e and 1p attach to NAD+ reducing it to NADH
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is also reduced by 2H atoms from the original glucose to FADH2
These electrons are then transferred to the ETC at NADH dehydrogenase (NADH) and Uquinone (Q) (FADH2) fueling the creation of a proton gradient through redox reactions.

9. How is NADH recycled to NAD+?
Another molecule must accept H from NADH
with oxygen
aerobic respiration
without oxygen
anaerobic respiration
“fermentation”
pyruvate
H2O
NAD+
CO2
recycle NADH
NADH O2
NADH
acetaldehyde
acetyl-CoA
NADH
NAD+
NAD+
lactate
lactic acid fermentation
which path you use depends on who you are…
Krebs
cycle
ethanol
alcohol fermentation

11. How many ATP are produced from a triglyceride with 22 Carbon fatty acid chains?

16. solves CO2 / O2 gas exchange vs. H2O loss challenge
C4 vs CAM Summary
solves CO2 / O2 gas exchange vs. H2O loss challenge
C4 plants
separate 2 steps of C fixation anatomically in 2 different cells
CAM plants
separate 2 steps of C fixation temporally = 2 different times
night vs. day
C3, C4, and CAM truly refer to the alternative method of carbon fixation -- grabbing carbon out of the air -- and not the Calvin Cycle itself. They *all* use the Calvin Cycle for sugar generation, but they differ in how they turn carbon from thin air into solid stuff.
In C4, CO2 is fixed into 4-carbon "storage" compounds like oxaloacetate & malate (hence C4)
In CAM, CO2 is fixed into organic acids like malic acid & isocitric acid (hence Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
In C3, while CO2 is initially fixed into a 6-carbon molecule, it is unstable & quickly breaks down to 3-carbon phosphoglycerate (PGA) (hence C3)
C4 & CAM should be seen as variations on *carbon fixation*, because plants had to evolve alternative systems given the limitations of their enzymes and their need to conserve water.