1. Segregation and Discrimination
Chapter 15 Section 4
I can compare and contrast the philosophies of Du Bois and Washington.
Segregation and Discrimination
After Reconstruction, many African Americans in the rural South lived in poverty. Most were sharecroppers, landless farmers who gave their landlords a large portion of their crops as rent. Sharecropping usually left farmers in chronic debt. Many eventually left farming and sought jobs in Southern towns or headed west to claim homesteads.
In the mid-1870s, Benjamin “Pap” Singleton became convinced that African Americans would never be given a chance to get ahead in the South. He began urging African Americans to move west, specifically to Kansas, and form their own independent communities. His ideas soon set in motion a mass migration. In less than two months, approximately 6,000 African Americans left their homes in the rural South and headed to Kansas. The newspapers called it “an Exodus,” like the Hebrews’ escape from Egyptian bondage referred to in the Bible. The migrants themselves came to be known as “Exodusters.” The first Exodusters, many possessing little more than hope and the clothes on their backs, arrived in Kansas in the spring of 1879.
While some African Americans fled the South, others joined poor white farmers who had created the Farmers’ Alliance. Alliance leaders urged African Americans to form a similar organization. In 1886 African American farmers established the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance, which numbered about 1.2 million members by 1890.
When the Populist Party formed in 1891, many African American farmers joined the new organization. This posed a major challenge to the Democratic Party in the South. If poor whites joined African Americans in voting for the Populists, the coalition might be unbeatable. To win back the poor white vote, Democratic leaders began appealing to racism. In addition, election officials began using various methods to make it harder and harder for African Americans to vote. As one Democratic leader in the South told a reporter, “Some of our people, some editors especially, deny that [African Americans] are hindered from voting; but what is the good of lying? They are interfered with, and we are obliged to do it, and we may as well tell the truth.”

2. Bell Ringer August 3, 2016 WRITE QUESTIONS What was the Homestead Act?
Why did African Americans leave the South?
1st Period
Morning Work
Lecture: Segregation and Discrimination
Activity: DuBois/Washington
Questions/essay
Essay due: Monday, August 8, 2016

3. Bell Ringer August 3, 2016 WRITE QUESTIONS 3rd/4th Period Morning Work
What was the Homestead Act?
Why did African Americans leave the South?
3rd/4th Period
Morning Work
Lecture: Washington/DuBois
Activity: Close read over Washington/DuBois

4. 1876 Election Rutherford B. Hayes * Samuel Tilden
1876 Election: supporters urged Grant to run for a 3rd term in 1876 and Grant was wiling.
Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes as a compromise candidate. Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden.
Tilden only candidate to win a majority of popular votes but lose election.
Election fraud in SC,FL, and LA resulted in commission to determine election.

5. 1876 Election

6. Laws Passed During Reconstruction
14th Amendment (1868)- granted citizenship to all people regardless of race
15th Amendment (1870)- gave African American men the right to vote
Civil Rights Act of guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations and transportation (ruled unconstitutional in 1883)

7. Legalized Discrimination
Restricting right to vote
Poll tax and literacy requirements
Grandfather clause
A man could vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867.
The 14th/15th amendments were meant to guarantee the rights of African Americans. Yet that did not happen. In he late 1800s prejudice persisted throughout the country, and in the South, new laws made discrimination legal.
Once white Democrats had regained control over their state legislatures, they passed poll tax and literacy requirements to prevent African Americans from voting.
Most African Americans were too poor to afford the poll tax, and many had been denied the education needed to pass the literacy test.
Some poor or illiterate white men could not meet the requirements, but they were given a grandfather clause allowing them to vote.
Jan was important b/c that time, only white men had the right to vote. Freed slaves had not yet receive that right.
The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits states from denying citizens the right to vote on the basis of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” However, it does not bar states from denying the right to vote on other grounds. In the late 1800s, Southern states began imposing restrictions. Though they did not mention race, they were meant to make it hard or impossible for African Americans to vote.
In 1890 Mississippi began requiring all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax of $2, a sum beyond the means of most poor African Americans or poor whites. Mississippi also instituted a literacy test, requiring voters to read and understand the state constitution. Few African Americans born after the Civil War had been able to attend school, and those who had grown up under slavery were largely illiterate. Even those who knew how to read often failed the test because officials deliberately picked passages that few people could understand. Other Southern states adopted similar restrictions. The number of African Americans registered to vote in Southern states fell drastically between 1890 and 1900.
Election officials were far less strict in applying the poll tax and literacy requirements to whites, but the number of white voters also fell significantly. To let more whites vote, Louisiana introduced the “grandfather clause.” This allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor who could vote in This provision, adopted in several Southern states, exempted most whites from voting restrictions.

8. Poll Tax

9. Poll Tax

10. Legalized Segregation
Jim Crow Laws: designed to create and enforce segregation.
The name Jim Crow came from a stereotypical character in a minstrel song of the 1820s. The first of these laws passed in TN in 1881, required separate railway cars for African Americans and whites. BY the late 1890s southern states had segregated many public places and services, including schools.
African Americans filed lawsuits, wanting equal treatment under the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
In 1883, the Court ruled the Act to be unconstitutional, determining the 14th Amendment applied only to state governments.
Congress had no power over private individuals or businesses.
Thomas D. Rice was a 19th century blackface comedian--a white man who wore black face paint to play derogatory stereotypes of black men--whose most famous character, an old black slave named Jim Crow, later became the namesake of anti-black laws.

11. Jim Crow Songbook
African Americans in the North were often discriminated against, but segregation, or the separation of the races, was different in the South. Southern states passed laws that rigidly enforced discrimination. These laws became known as Jim Crow laws.
In 1883 the Supreme Court set the stage for legalized segregation when it overturned the Civil Rights Act of That law had prohibited keeping people out of public places on the basis of race and barred racial discrimination in selecting jurors. The Supreme Court, however, ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment provided only that “no state” could deny citizens equal protection under the law. Private organizations, such as hotels, theaters, and railroads, were free to practice segregation.
Encouraged by the Supreme Court’s ruling and by the decline of congressional support for civil rights, Southern states passed a series of laws establishing racial segregation in virtually all public places. Southern whites and African Americans could no longer ride together in the same railroad cars or even drink from the same water fountains.
In 1892 an African American named Homer Plessy challenged a Louisiana law that forced him to ride in a separate railroad car from whites. He was arrested for riding in a “whites-only” car. In 1896 the Supreme Court, in Plessy v. Ferguson, upheld the Louisiana law and the doctrine of “separate but equal” facilities for African Americans. The ruling established the legal basis for discrimination in the South for more than 50 years. While public facilities for African Americans in the South were always separate, they were far from equal.

12. Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Homer Plessy sat in a white-only train car.
He was arrested
Court ruled “separate but equal” facilities- constitutional.
Legalized segregation for nearly 60 years
Plessy v. Ferguson: Louisiana state law requiring RR to provide “equal but separate accommodations for white and colored races” Homer Plessy, and African Americans, sat in a whites-only train compartment to test the law. He was arrested, but he appealed based on the 14th Amendment. The Court upheld the practices of segregation. The Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities didn’t violate the 14th Amendment. Only one justice, John Marshall Harlan, disagreed w/ the majority, The Plessy Decision legalized segregation for 60 yrs.
The amendment grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" which included former slaves who had just been freed after the Civil War

13. Informal Discrimination
Strict rules of behavior, called racial etiquette, governed social and business interactions
Consequences:
Lynching- Murder of an individual usually by hanging, without a legal trial.
Strict rules of behavior, called racial etiquette, governed social and business interactions. African Americans were supposed to “know their place” and defer to whites in every encounter.
If an African American failed to speak respectfully or acted with too much pride or defiance, the consequences could be serious.
The worst consequence was lynching, the murder of an individual usually by hanging, without a legal trial.
Between 1882 and 1892, nearly 900 lost their lives to lynch mobs. Lynching's declined after 1892, but continued into the early 1900s.

14. Prominent Black Leaders
Booker T. Washington
African Americans should accept segregation for the moment.
Farming/ vocational= prosperity
Founded the Tuskegee Institute to teach practical skills for self-sufficiency.
With the turn of the century, two different approaches emerged for improving the lives of African Americans.
Born into slavery, Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans should accept segregation for the moment. Farming and vocational skills were the key to prosperity, and he founded the Tuskegee Institute to teach practical skills for self-sufficiency.
Booker T. Washington got the nod and he made the Lewis Adams dream happen. He was principal of the school from July 4, 1881, until his death in 1915.
The Atlanta Compromise speech provoked a strong challenge from W.E.B. Du Bois, the leader of a new generation of African American activists. In his 1903 book The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois explained why he saw no advantage in giving up civil rights, even temporarily. He was particularly concerned with protecting and exercising voting rights. “Negroes must insist continually, in season and out of season,” he wrote, “that voting is necessary to proper manhood, that color discrimination is barbarism.” In the years that followed, many African Americans worked to win the vote and end discrimination. The struggle, however, would prove to be a long one.

15. “Lifting of the Veil”

16. Prominent Black Leaders
W.E.B. Du Bois
Believed in speaking out against prejudice and striving for full rights immediately.
Helped found the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
W.E.B. Du Bois, a Harvard-trained professor, believed in speaking out against prejudice and striving for full rights immediately. African Americans should be uplifted through the “talented tenth,” their best educated leaders. Du Bois launched the Niagara Movement to protest discrimination in Later, he helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
One of the most famous African Americans of the late nineteenth century was the influential educator Booker T. Washington. He proposed that African Americans concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than political ones. In 1895 Washington summed up his views in a speech before a mostly white audience in Atlanta. Known as the Atlanta Compromise, the speech urged African Americans to postpone the fight for civil rights and instead concentrate on preparing themselves educationally and vocationally for full equality

17. NAACP

18. Others Suffer Discrimination
Mexican Americans
Encountered hostility from whites
Worked the most menial jobs
Debt peonage tied many of them to their jobs until could pay off debts they owed their employer.
Asian Americans
Chinese and Japanese lived in segregated neighborhoods and attended separate schools.
They encountered hostility from white Americans, often not speaking English well and taking the most menial jobs for little pay. Debt peonage tied many of them to their jobs until they could pay off debts they owed their employer.
Chinese and Japanese Americans had to live in segregated neighborhoods and attend separate schools. Housing was difficult, because most house owners did not want Chinese tenants. Several states also forbade marriage with whites.
Native Americans faced continuous government efforts to stamp out their traditional ways of life. Children were sent away from their parents to be “Americanized.” Reservation life held little opportunity for economic advancement.

19. 3-2-1
3 laws passed during Reconstruction that tried to end discrimination in the US.
2 African Americans who tried to end discrimination in America
1 Supreme Court case that legalized segregation in America

20. Paragraph Assignment
Based on these documents, who do you think was a stronger advocate for the rights of African Americans: Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. Dubois? Support your answer with evidence from the text.

21. Morning Work August 25, 2014 Write questions
Why was Garfield’s assassination important?
Why did farmers want bimetallism?
Morning Work
Lecture: Discrimination/ Segregation
Reading: DuBois and Washington
TEST: Tuesday
New Immigrants
Politics in Gilded Age
Discrimination/ Segregation
3rd/4th Period
AGENDA

22. Morning Work August 22, 2013 Write questions
Why was Garfield’s assassination important?
What was the Populist Party platform?
Morning Work
Lecture: Discrimination/ Segregation
Jeopardy
TEST: Friday!
New Immigrants
Politics in Gilded Age
Discrimination/ Segregation

23. Jim Crow Laws

24. Free Write
Imagine you are one of the millions of people currently unemployed in our country today; you also happen to be African American. You find a listing for a great job, for which you are well qualified. When you arrive for the interview, you are met with this sign (picture on overhead). How would this sign make you feel, and what action(s) would you take in response?