1. Describe each of the ethical guidelines, and apply each one to a piece of research
Definition
Research C D W P

2. Component 01
Research Methods
29 November 2018
1.3 Self-Report
L.O: To evaluate the effectiveness of different types of self-report and how they are used in Psychological experiments.

3. Progress Criteria I can represent self-report data as a correlation.
How will you know that you have made progress this lesson?
Progress Criteria
GOING STRONG
I can represent self-report data as a correlation.
ACCELERATING
I can distinguish between open and closed questions and qualitative and quantitative data.
REVVING UP
I can explain the different types of method used in self-report, when they are used and what they are used for.

4. Can use in a variety of different ways: Questionnaires Diary entries
Self-Report: Asking a participant about their thoughts and behaviour and recording their answers.
Can use in a variety of different ways:
Questionnaires
Diary entries
Interviews
Psychometrics.
REVVING UP

5. When are self-reports used?
Self-reports can be used as part of an experiment, as a way of measuring the dependent variable (DV). Self-reports can also be used as part of a correlation, as a way of measuring one (or both) of the co-variables.
e.g. I am interested if the amount of chocolate that is consumed affects our mood. The amount of chocolate would be manipulated (IV) and I would measure the mood of the participant by using self-report (asking them to rate on a scale of 1-10, 10 = being happy).
e.g. I am interested in the relationship between how tall a person is and their confidence in giving public speeches, I would measure this by using self-report (asking them to rate on a scale of 1-10, 10 = very confident).

6. However, self-report method is a way of carrying out research in its own right too.
e.g. If I just use a questionnaire to gather data on how stressed people are, with no manipulation or conditions, then I am carrying out self-report research, not an experiment.
REVVING UP

7. Two main types of self-report method are:
Questionnaire
Interviews
Questionnaire: A series of questions in a written form.
Interview: A series of questions are given verbally, face-to-face between an interviewer and an interviewee.

8. Analyse this questionnaire and identify limitations (and any strengths), these should be design and ethical issues.
Re-designed with improvements.

9. General Self-Report evaluation
reliability
They are quick and easy to administer, increasing the …………………………….of the study.
They allow for a participant to tells us directly about their experiences and thoughts, rather than trying to infer these from other methods, such as………………………………….. .
Participants may lie to make themselves appear better to others. This is known as…………………………………
……………………………………….. data is gained, which may be problematic as participants may not accurately recall details of an event. As in the above questionnaire there may be issues with certain questions - questions may not be understood, or be clear or use leading questions. This could lead to ………………………………results.
Experiments
Social desirability bias
Qualitative
invalid

10. 1.3 Designing a Questionnaire
Component 01
Research Methods
29 November 2018
1.3 Designing a Questionnaire
L.O: To evaluate the effectiveness of different types of self-report and how they are used in Psychological experiments.

11. How will you know that you have made progress this lesson?
Progress Criteria
GOING STRONG
I can evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of using different types questions and data in a self-report method.
ACCELERATING
I can analyse the type of data, qualitative and quantitative that different types of questioning produce.
REVVING UP
I can distinguish between open and closed questions, giving examples of each.

12. Open and Closed Questions
What is the difference between an open and closed question?
Open Questions: Allow the participant to answer however they want.
Closed Questions: Provide a limited amount of answers participants must choose from.
In pairs write down three questions each, swap and decide whether they are open or closed.
Follow up task:
REVVING UP

13. What types of data do self-reports produce?
Key Terms
Qualitative data: Non-numerical data, rich in detail, usually textual or verbal and provides descriptions.
Quantitative data: Numerical data, measurements of quantity or amount or how often something has occurred.

14. Which questions produce which data?
Open questions tend to provide qualitative data, as you allow the participant to respond however they want and this can be rich in detail.
e.g. How would you describe your first experience of riding a bike?
Yet, sometimes, questions can still be left open, but gather quantitative data.
e.g. How old were you when you first learnt to ride a bike?
This question leaves the answer open to the participant to respond however they want, but provides a numerical value.
ACCELERATING

15. Closed questions only provide quantitative data, as you limit the number of responses the participant gives, so their response is lacking in detail. Yet, you also can count how often someone gives a response providing quantitative data.
e.g. How often did you ride a bike in the last 6 months? Please circle the answer that best fits:
Daily Weekly Fortnightly Monthly Less than once a month
Then we can add up, how many people said monthly, how many people said daily, therefore resulting in quantitative data.
ACCELERATING

16. What did you have for dinner yesterday? Do you like adventure: Yes/No
TASK: Identify which type of data (quantitative/qualitative data) these questions would produce.
What did you have for dinner yesterday?
Do you like adventure: Yes/No
On a scale of 1 to 10 how annoying do you find penguins?
How thirsty are you?
How many times have you been fishing?
ACCELERATING

17. You need to know the following types of closed questions:
Fixed choice
Checklist
Ranking
Likert scale
Semantic Differential Scale
Use your textbooks page to find out what they mean. Give examples for each one.
Semantic differential questions indicate where you stand on a scale between two contrasting adjectives, such as; good/bad, hungry/full, and exciting/boring.
How did the chocolate taste... (Circle one number).
Delicious Yummy Nice OK Edible Disgusting Vomit inducing

18. For each one state why it will lead to this strength or weakness.
Open questions/Qualitative data versus Closed questions/Quantitative data
TASK: From the list of evaluation points below, apply them as strengths or weaknesses of Open questions/Qualitative data and Closed questions/Quantitative data.
Greater detail gathered
Provides deeper meaning and insight into thoughts
Can use Inferential statistics
Too restrictive
Less bias/misinterpretations
Superficial
Harder to replicate
Harder to compare
Easier to replicate
Open to bias/interpretation
Can’t use inferential statistics
Lacks detail
Easy to make comparisons between participants
For each one state why it will lead to this strength or weakness.
GOING STRONG

19. Review
Identify 3 core studies that have used this data or questioning and whether it was a strength or weakness.

21. Fixed choice questions are phrased so that the respondent has to make a fixed choice answer usually ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
Do you revise? Yes No

22. Which of these methods do you use to revise? (Tick all that apply.)
Checklist questions give a list of options and told to choose as many as apply to the participant: 
Which of these methods do you use to revise? (Tick all that apply.) 
Mind maps Mnemonics Story technique Use of imagery
Flashcards Quizzes Read notes Method of Loci

23. Ranking questions are whereby participants are instructed to put a list of options into order.
 Rank the following activities according to how much time you spend on them each day (1 = most time, 5= least time):
Revising
Homework
Reading
Texting
Using social media sites
Talking face to face
Watching TV/Internet

24. “Psychology is the most important subject ever”. Circle one answer.
Likert scale questions are whereby participants indicate on a scale how much you agree with a statement.
“Psychology is the most important subject ever”. Circle one answer. 
Strongly agree Agree Unsure Disagree Strongly Disagree

25. How did the chocolate taste... (Circle one number).
Semantic differential questions indicate where you stand on a scale between two contrasting adjectives, such as; good/bad, hungry/full, and exciting/boring.
How did the chocolate taste... (Circle one number).
Delicious Yummy Nice OK Edible Disgusting Vomit inducing

26. TASK: From the list of evaluation points below, apply them as strengths or weaknesses of Open questions/Qualitative data and Closed questions/Quantitative data.
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Greater detail gathered
Provides deeper meaning and insight into thoughts
Can use Inferential statistics
Too restrictive
Less bias/misinterpretations
Superficial
Harder to replicate
Harder to compare
Easier to replicate
Open to bias/interpretation
Can’t use inferential statistics
Lacks detail
Easy to make comparisons between participants
Closed questions/
Quantitative data

27. TASK: From the list of evaluation points below, apply them as strengths or weaknesses of Open questions/Qualitative data and Closed questions/Quantitative data.
Greater detail gathered
Provides deeper meaning and insight into thoughts
Can use Inferential statistics
Too restrictive
Less bias/misinterpretations
Superficial
Harder to replicate
Harder to compare
Easier to replicate
Open to bias/interpretation
Can’t use inferential statistics
Lacks detail
Easy to make comparisons between participants
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Open questions/
Qualitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data
Closed questions/
Quantitative data

28. Types of interview 29 November 2018
Component 01
Research Methods
29 November 2018
Types of interview
L.O: To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different types of self-report and how they are used in Psychological experiments.

29. Progress Criteria I can create a self-report research study.
How will you know that you have made progress this lesson?
Progress Criteria
GOING STRONG
I can create a self-report research study.
ACCELERATING
I can define types of interviews and their strengths and weaknesses.
REVVING UP
I can link questioning and types of data to the core studies.

30. Link to core studies
Identify 3 core studies that have used this data or questioning and whether it was a strength or weakness.
REVVING UP

31. Types of interview
Interview: Participant responds verbally to questions from researcher.
Structured: Predetermined questions with fixed closed questions.
Semi-structured: Guidelines on which questions to ask, contains open and closed questions, timing and phrasing determined by interviewer.
Unstructured: Topic of discussion but no fixed questions, all open questions.
Which is the best approach and why?
TASK: Interview people in your class on their childhood memories. Decide which type of interview method you want to use. Compare your results with your peers.
ACCELERATING

32. Evaluation of interviews
Evaluate the three types of interview, considering the following points as strengths and limitations:
Replicability, detail of answers, flexibility, reliability, analysing and comparing results, internal validity, who can carry out these interviews?
Internal validity refers to whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not some other factor. In-other-words there is a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
Internal validity can be improved by controlling extraneous variables, using standardized instructions, counter balancing, and eliminating demand characteristics and investigator effects.
ACCELERATING

33. Carrying out practical self-report
Aim/Research question:
DV:
Research method:
Type of questionnaire/interview:
Sampling technique:
Sample details:
When:
Where:
Materials:
Examples of questions:
Ethical issues: C D W P
Standardised instructions:

34. Which is the best self-report method in your opinion and why?
Review
Which is the best self-report method in your opinion and why?

35. Section 6: Methodological issues (1.3)
Page 12 of OCR support guide