1. Definition
Unlike short stories or novels, plays are written for the express purpose of performance.

2. Definition
Actors play roles and present the storyline through dialogue, action, and gestures.

3. Definitions
For the most part, plays have no narrators. (There are a few notable exceptions to this rule.)
The audience must pick up critical information from the action on stage.

4. Dealing with Details
Unlike novels or short stories, plays have special features.
Plays are divided into acts and scenes.
Scripts feature lists of characters and stage directions which require the reader to pause and visualize the set up.
Readers and actors must pay close attention to the dialogue in order to understand the characters and action.

5. The role of the Chorus in Drama
The chorus acts as a link between the audience and the actors. They are a reflection of what the audience is thinking. In ‘Oedipus the King’, the Chorus is made up of citizens of Thebes. They can comment, advise, or disagree with what is being said.

6. Important Terms Monologue – an extended speech by one character.
Soliloquy – an extended speech by one character, alone on stage. Soliloquies are used to express the private thoughts of one character.
Aside – a character’s direct address to the audience, which is not heard by the other characters.

7. Monologues, soliloquies, and asides are dramatic techniques that provide direct insight into motives, attitudes, and overall tone.
These techniques function like a fictional narrator.

8. Romeo and Juliet is…. Tragedy
Tragedies treat serious subjects and often focus on the tragic hero’s character. Tragedies usually end with death.

9. More Terms Dramatic Irony
Playwrights use dramatic irony when they allow the audience to know more than the characters do about a specific situation or incident.
In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the audience hears the fiendish plot of Claudius and Laërtes. Both are determined to see Hamlet dead. Moments later, Hamlet responds to news of the King’s great wager and his own impending duel with Laërtes by saying, “[…] how ill all’s here about my heart” (V.ii. 186).

10. Plot
The overall storyline and sequence of events is known as the plot.

11. Elements of Plot: Same as short story or novel
Exposition – introduces the characters, setting and basic situation.
Rising action – presents the central conflict, complications, suspense and crisis.
Climax – the point of greatest tension.

12. Elements of Plot Falling action – subsiding intensity.
Denouement – the resolution which ties up loose ends and concludes the action.

13. Reading Drama Pay particular attention to the overall plot.
What are the major conflicts or issues?
When does the climax occur?
What force or forces seem to be at work in the play, moving the action along?

14. Pay close attention to characters. Who are the central characters?
What do you know about their personalities? How do you know this information?
What are the characters’ strengths and weaknesses?
Photo credit: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams. Cornell Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts.

15. Recognizing the Theme
Most written works have a central theme and several additional themes.
Try to identify the central theme.
Back up your interpretation with examples from the text.