1. Sleep and Wakefulness (and Circadian Rhythms)

2. What is Sleep?

3. Minimal Behavioral Activity

4. A rapidly reversible state of quiescence

5. Increased Arousal Threshold

6. Species-Specific Posture
Tobler and Stadler, 1988

7. Measurement of Sleep

8. Two Types of Sleep Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
Four different stages
(1 [lightest] – 4 [deepest])
Mixed-frequency EEG
low amplitude, high voltage or high amplitude, low voltage
Relatively little muscle movements
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Low-amplitude, high voltage EEG
Synchronous eye movements
Paralysis
Narcolepsy:

10. Brain-Spinal Cord Induction of Paralysis During REM sleep

11. Time Course of Sleep

12. Ontogeny of Sleep

13. Neural Control of Sleep

14. Neural Control of (NREM) Sleep
Bottom-Up Processing

15. Flip-Flop Circuit
Cliff Saper, Bob McCarley, Jerome Siegel

16. Neural Control of (REM) Sleep
PGO waves
pons-geniculate-occipital areas OR
Brainstem-Thalamus-Occipital Cortex

17. Neural Control of Spindles

18. Really Cool Probing of Sleep-Regulatory Areas With Optogenetics

19. Circadian Rhythms

20. Basic Criteria of Circadian Rhythms
Any physiological or behavioral process that oscillates predictably across 24 hrs
This rhythm can be shifted by environmental factors (light, drugs, mating)
Persist even with the removal of environmental triggers (light, seasons)

21. Some Out-of-Phase Physiological Rhythms

22. Rhythms in Humans
Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky

23. Neural (SCN) Control of Rhythms
SCN: Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

24. Beyond the SCN: Molecular Control of Rhythms

25. Real-Time Recording of Molecular Feedback in the SCN

26. Working in Tandem
Interaction between sleep and circadian brain systems characterized as the “two-process model”

27. More Questions?
You can stop by for a lab visit