1. Lesson 34
Anatomy of the Spine

2. Aims of the Session
This session will introduce candidates to the soft tissues and bony prominences of the spine

3. Learning Outcomes
By the end of the lesson the candidate will be able to
Identify the key bony prominences
Name the key ligaments of the spine
Name the function and structure of the inter-vertebral disc’s
Identify the bony structures and muscles on a human body.

4. Recap of the spine cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12)
lumbar vertebrae (5)
sacral vertebrae (5)
coccygeal vertebrae (4)
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5. Recap of the spine What are the movements of the spine Flexion,
Extension,
Hyper-extension,
Lateral flexion,
Rotation.
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6. Anatomy of a Vertebrae
1. Back 4. 6. 5. 3.
2. Front
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7. Ligaments of the spine ligamentum flavum
anterior longitudinal ligament
interspinous ligaments
posterior longitudinal ligament
supraspinous ligaments

8. Anatomy of a Vertebrae supraspinous ligaments interspinous ligaments
ligamentum flavum
posterior longitudinal ligament
anterior longitudinal ligament

9. Watch Video

10. Rib Cage
Attached by strong ligaments to the thoracic vertebrae are 12 pairs of ribs
The upper 7 are called “true ribs” as they attach to the sternum via the costal-cartilage
The eighth to tenth pairs of ribs attach indirectly to the sternum via the cartilage of the 7th rib and these are called “false ribs”

11. Rib Cage
The 11th and 12th pair of ribs, are described as “floating ribs” as they have no anterior attachment and form part of the false ribs
The purpose of the ribs is to protect the heart, lungs and other organs.

12. Rib Cage 3. Manubrium 2. Sternum Costal-cartilage 1. 7 True ribs 6.
Xiphoid 4.
3 false Ribs 7.
Vertebrae 5
2 Floating ribs 8.
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13. Inter-vertebral discs
What do you know about inter-vertebral disc’s

14. Inter-vertebral discs
The intervertebral discs are white fibro-cartilaginous cushions serving as the spine's shock absorbing system, which protect the vertebrae, brain, and other structures (i.e. nerves).
The discs allow some vertebral motion: extension and flexion. Individual disc movement is very limited – however considerable motion is possible when several discs combine forces.

15. Inter-vertebral discs
Intervertebral discs are composed of an annulus fibrosus and a nucleus pulposus.

16. Inter-vertebral discs
The annulus fibrosus is a strong radial tire–like structure made up of concentric sheets of collagen fibres
The nucleus pulposus contains a hydrated gel–like matter that resists compression. The amount of water in the nucleus varies throughout the day depending on activity.

17. Inter-vertebral discs
growth of bone that occur as a result of injury and underlying disease

18. Main Trunk Region Muscles
Working as a group, see what muscles you can name that
Flex the spine
Extend the spine
Rotate the spine
Laterally flex the spine

19. Spinal Column Flexion Muscles Flex the spine Sternocleidomastoid,
Prevertebrals – small muscles around atlas and Occipital bone,
Longus Colli – small muscles around atlas and cervicle vertebrea,
Rectus Abdominis,
Internal & External Oblique's,
Transverse Abdominis.

20. Spinal Column Extension Muscles
Extend the spine
Rectus Capitis & Obliquus Capitis - small muscles around atlas & occipital bone,
Splenius, (Capitis & Cervicis)
Spinalis,
Semispinalis,
Iliocostalis,
Longissimus,
Quadratus Lumborum,
Multifidus.

21. Spinal Column Rotation Muscles
Rotate the spine
Rectus Capitis - small muscles around atlas & occipital bone,
Splenius,
External Oblique’s,
Transverse Abdominis,
ES to a small degree,
Multifidus.

22. Spinal Column Lateral Flexion Muscles
Laterally flex the spine
Sternocleidomastoid,
Prevertebrals,
Scaleni,
Splenius,
Semispinalis,
Iliocoastalis,
Longissimus,
Quadratus Lumborum.

23. Main Spinal Region
Muscles
Lets look at
each muscle

24. Main Spinal Muscles Sternocleidomastoid,
Flexion, Lateral Flexion & Cervical Rotation
O-Middle 1/3 of Clavicle & Manubrum of Sternum
I-Mastoid Process
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25. Main Spinal Muscles
Prevertebrals, Longus Colli
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26. Main Spinal Muscles Rectus Abdominis, Flexion O-Pubic Crest
I-Xiphoid Process & cartilage of 5th, 6th & 7th Rib
Watch Video

27. Main Spinal Muscles Internal Oblique’s, Flexion
O-Lateral edge of Inguinal ligament & middle aspect of iliac crest
I-Cartilage of 5th, 6th & 7th Rib
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28. Main Spinal Muscles External Oblique’s, Flexion & Rotation
O-External surface & Inferior edge of last 5th to 12th ribs
I-Outer middle ½ of iliac Crest,
Inguinal ligament & lateral edge of Rectus Abdominis.
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29. Main Spinal Muscles Transverse Abdominis, Flexion & Rotation
O-Thoracolumbar facia, iliac crest
Lateral ½ of inguinal ligament, & coastal cartilage of 7th to 12th ribs
I-Xiphoid process, linea alba & pubis ramis
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30. Main Spinal Muscles
Rectus Capitis & Obliquus Capitis
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31. Erector Spinea

32. Main Spinal Muscles Splenius Capitis
Extension, Lateral Flexion Rotation of Cervical vertebrae
O-C7-T6 Spinous Processes
I-Mastoid Process

33. Main Spinal Muscles Splenius Cervicis
Extension, Lateral Flexion Rotation of cervical vertebrae
O-T4-T6 Spinous Processes
I-C1-C4 Transverse processes

34. Main Spinal Muscles Spinalis Capitis Extension
O-C7-T7 Transverse Processes
I-Occipital bone

35. Main Spinal Muscles Spinalis Cervicis & Thoracic Extension
O-T4-T6 & T11-L2 Spinous Processes
I-Axis-C3 & T4-T8 Spinous processes

36. Main Spinal Muscles Semispinalis Capitis, Cervicis & Thoracic
Extension, Lateral Flexion
& Rotation of cervicle
O-C7-T10 Transverse Processes
I-Occipital bone, C2-T4 Spinous processes

37. Main Spinal Muscles Iliocostalis , Cervicis, Thoracic & Lumborum
Extension, Lateral Flexion
& Rotation
O-Angle of 3-6th ribs, Last 6
Ribs, Iliac crest
I-C4-C6 Transverse processes,
Upper edge of first 6 ribs, Angle of last 7 ribs

38. Main Spinal Muscles Longissimus , Capitis, Cervicis, Thoracic
Extension, Lateral Flexion
& Rotation
O-C4-L5 Transverse Processes
I-Mastoid bone, C2-C6, T1-T12 Transverse processes,
Watch Video

39. Main Spinal Muscles Quadratus Lumborum Extension, Lateral Flexion
O-Posterior aspect of the
Iliac Crest
I-12th Rib, L1-L4 Transverse Processes
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40. Main Spinal Muscles Multifidis Extension, Rotation
O-C4-L5 Transverse Processes
I-S5-C4 Spinous Processes
Watch Video