1. WHAP Review #2 Time Period III
600 CE – 1450 CE

2. Main Ideas
3.1 = Exchange and communication networks expand and intensify
3.2 = State formation and interactions experiences changes and continuities
3.3 = Economic productive capacity increases and causes a lot of changes

3. Main Topics We Covered Islam comes into being
Islamic armies conquer & create empires
The Byzantine Empire = Rome continued in the East
Europe experiences disruption and new cultural forms (Vikings, feudalism, & the rise of Roman Catholic Christianity); Russia’s culture looks to Byzantium
Tang and Song Dynasty China drive economic innovation (flying money, paper money, banking, & mass production)
In the Americas, huge new empires develop (Maya & later Aztec & Inca)
In West Africa, huge new empires develop & are in contact with the Islamic world (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
The Mongols cause huge amounts of exchange & stability and also chaos and disruption of older patterns of empire

4. Follower of Islam = Muslim
Arabia before Islam – tribal and warlike
Muhammad’s job – merchant, b/c Arabia traded out bunches of incense
Mecca – trade center b/c of truce around Ka’ba, where polytheistic deities were worshipped
Mix of cultures, including Judaism and Christianity (mothotheism)

5. Islam, cont.
Muhammad’s cave visions – recited the Quran; Koran; Qur’an.
Gained followers. Messed with Ka’ba trade
Meccan leaders were haters. Early Muslims flee to Medina (Hijra, 622 CE)
Muslims vs. other Arabs = war. Muslims win and take Mecca
Unity found through the 5 Pillars and worship of 1 God.

6. The 5 1. Shahada- Declaration of faith
2. Salat- Pray 5 times a day, facing holy city Mecca.
3. Zakat- Almsgiving
4. Sawm- Fasting during month of Ramadan
5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once

7. Caliphate System & the Sunni and Shi’ite split
Muhammad’s death = succession crisis
2 main factions: Sunni and Shi’ite
Sunni – leader (caliph) = chosen by the Umma
Shi’ite – leader (caliph) = Muhammad’s relatives
Caliph = caesaropapist ruler
Sunni = dominant majority today

8. Umayyad & Abbasid Caliphate
Umayyad ( ) = ARAB conquest empire built off booty
Conquered Arabia, Persian & much of the Byzantine Empires (Mideast & Anatolia) b/c they were internally weak, North Africa, Spain
Abbasid ( ) = MUSLIM golden age of unity; House of Wisdom; retention & building on Greek logic & learning
Fell apart as Abbasids weakened
Fired Turkic slave soldiers- took control

10. Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire
Retained unity as Western Europe fell to nomadic invasions in 476 CE.
Lasted until 1453.
Ruled by caesaropapist
Orthodox (led by Patriarch)  converted the Kievan Rus
Mosaic art, centralization, Constantinople capital city

11. Kievan Rus Russian city-states dominated by the Prince of Kiev
TRADED furs especially down the rivers leading to the Caspian & Black Seas (the Byzantine Empire and Abbasid Caliphate were trading partners)
Most people were rural
Converted to Orthodoxy
Conquered by the Golden Horde Mongols & made to pay tribute

12. Medieval Europe Roman Empire totally fell apart in the West after 476.
Local (feudal) lords with castles became the protectors (instead of the central gov’t)
Feudalism = social/political system in which work, protection, and loyalty are exchanged.
Serfs work the land, Lords provide the land and protection in exchange for ag. products,
Knights serve as warriors who are given fiefs of land (with serfs) by lords

13. Medieval Europe
Manorialism = ECONOMIC system based on local production
Roman Catholic Church & pope provided some unity
Missionaries (often friars) went out converting people
Instability was an important characteristic (think Vikings – who raided and then settled down, assimilating into local populations)

14. Sui 589-618 CE China after the classical period was disunified
Sui, using Legalism, reunified it
Grand Canal built, making an inter-linked economy out of N. and S. China
Champa Rice!

15. Tang CE
Known for Buddhism; rulers even patronized Buddhism (the religion leaked in during the end of the Han = providing stability)
Huge army & territory – Silk Road Trade!
Reintroduced the Exam System for bureaucracy
Women = better status
845 = gov’t turned against Buddhism, encouraged by Confucian bureaucrats to stamp out foreign “barbaric” practices
If he (Buddha) were still alive today and came to our court by order of his ruler, Your Majesty might condescend to receive him, but he would then be escorted to the borders of the state, dismissed, and not allowed to delude the people. How then, when he has long been dead, could his rotten bones, the foul and unlucky remains of his body, be rightly admitted to the palace?

16. Song 908 – 1268 CE
Neo-Confucian (blended in Buddhist & Daoist beliefs)
Women’s status  (foot-binding)
Commercial Revolution (flying money, paper money)
Inventions – compass, paper, printing press, gunpowder
Conquered by Kublai Khan

17. Maya 600s – 900s City-states; culturally unified
Religious ritual = blood-letting
Inventive agriculture due to poor soil
chinampas, terraces, irrigation
Intense inter-city-state
rivalries & war

18. Aztec 1300-1500 CE Conquest State, politically/culturally united
Control through tribute and fear
Sacrifice and enslavement of conquered
Tenochtitlan= capital
Complex social hierarchy (warriors & priests)
Important families rule
outer territories
Agriculture = chinampas

19. Inca 1400s-1500s CE Military expansion Highly centralized government
Control of wealth, labor (mit’a), trade
Redistributive economy
Capital at Cuzco
Royal families rule outlying areas
Quipus, terrace farming,
irrigation

20. WAIT FOR IT!!!!!

21. The Mongols Pre-Empire Genghis Khan (1206-1227) Death of Genghis
To crush your enemies, to see them fall at your feet-to take their horses and hear the lamentation of their women.
That is the best.
The Mongols
Pre-Empire
Nomadic, disunified, raiders and looters, family/tribe oriented (lots of fighting)
Genghis Khan ( )
Unifies various groups
Massive Empire (China to Syria,
Russia to Syria)
Death of Genghis
Four Empires emerge

22. Four Mongol Empires Great Khan = Kublai Khan (Yuan Dynasty)
Centralized, never fully assimilate, utilize bureaucratic system and cultural leaders
Khanate of Chaghadai (Central Asia/Trade Routes)
Protection and facilitation of trade
Golden Horde (Russia, Northern Eurasia)
Tribute state
Khanate of Persia (E. Abassid Caliphate)
Full assimilation and conversion to Islam

23. Pax Mongolica
The Bad: The Mongols caused destruction & killed a lot of people causing fear & dislike, but…
Facilitated trade through massive empire
Protection and taxation
Increases cultural interaction and diffusion
Exchange of ideas, technology, religion, disease
More “civilized” than the “civilized”?

25. Ghana 400s-1000s West Africa (Niger River) Major trade routes
River and Trans-Saharan (did not control trade, just taxed it)
Gold, salt, ivory
Taxes and armies
Iron weapons and agricultural tools
Began conversion to Islam

27. Mali 800-1450 CE Conquers Ghana (Sundjata)
Centralized Government and Bureaucracy
Niger River=Trade and Taxes
Mansa Musa, Hajj & Timbuktu
Export of Gold and Salt – controlled the mines
Tribute to supply food
Slaves and agriculture
Conquered by Songhai

28. Songhai
1000s-1585
Islam to unify and jihads to conquer  became stronger and stronger until it took over Mali & beyond
Strong government
5 provinces, Islamic Courts, Huge Army
Political hierarchy (Hindu caste similarity)
Islamic Universities, Arabic & Shari’a law united & helped centralize
Drought, disease, and decline of trade spells doom

30. Great Zimbabwe Southeastern Africa 1000s-1450
Started by the Shona (Bantu-speakers)
Iron working and agriculture
Inland state (S.E. Africa) traded with the Swahili Coast into the IOMS
Export of gold in exchange for:
Fabrics, ceramics, spices and fruits (IOMS)
Strong political state

31. Marco Polo/Ibn Battuta
World travelers
Documented their journeys and experiences
Marco Polo= Silk Roads
Ibn Battuta= Dar al-Islam
Ibn Battuta discusses similarities and differences across Dar al-Islam
Marco Polo discusses advanced Asian continent for backwards, Europeans