1. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Africa and the Atlantic World

2. The States of West Africa and East Africa
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
The States of West Africa and East Africa
Developed over eighth to sixteenth centuries
Kingdom of Ghana 5th Century
Not related to modern state of Ghana; major gold trader
Mali empire, 13th century
Mansa Musa, conversion to Islam
Songhay empire, fifteenth century
Sunni Ali (r. 1464–1493) created effective army, navy
Brought Timbuktu and Jenne under his control
Introduced hierarchal government, Muslim emperors
Last African empire-ending in 1591
Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroyed Songhay forces; regional city-states exerted local control after the collapse of Songhay empire (Oyo, Asante, Kanem-Bornu, Hausa)

4. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World

5. Swahili Decline in East Africa
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Swahili Decline in East Africa
Portuguese Vasco da Gama skirmished with Africans on eastern coast, 1497–1498
Skirmishes in Mozambique and Mombasa
1502: returned, forced ruler of Kilwa to pay tribute
1505: Portuguese gun ships dominated Swahili ports
After taking over each city state; Portugal set up political administrative centers along the East coast in hopes of creating a trading post empire for Africa similar to SE Asia
Portugal was not successful in creating a new trading post empire, but the damage was done to the Swahili city states

7. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
The Kingdom of Kongo
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Relations with Portuguese beginning 1483
Portuguese would develop a friendly relationship with the Kongo
Sending armies, miners, shoe makers and of course priests to Kongo
Portugal only developed this relationship with Kongo to protest their interests in the region of Central Africa
King Nzinga Mbemba (Afonso I, r. 1506–1542)
Conversion to Roman Catholicism
Useful connection with Portuguese interests
But zealous convert, attempted to convert population at large
The capital of Kongo, Mbaza, had so many Christian churches it sounded like bells were always ringing

8. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Slave Raiding in Kongo
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
The diplomatic relationship with Portugal took a sour turn when Portugal decided to colonize Angola
Initial Portuguese attempts at slave raiding. However, Portugal soon discovered it easier to trade weapons for slaves provided by African traders
Dealt with several authorities besides Kongo
Kongo kings appealed without success to slow, but not eliminate, slave trade
Relations deteriorated; Portuguese attacked Kongo and decapitated king in 1665
Improved slave market developed in the south so Portuguese moved with the market: left the Kongo disintegrated

9. The Kingdom of Ndongo (Angola)
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Ndongo gained wealth and independence from Kongo by means of Portuguese slave trade
1575 Portuguese sets up a small colony
But Portuguese influence was resisted by Queen Nzinga (r –1663)
Posed as male king
Nzinga established temporary alliance with Dutch in unsuccessful attempt to expel Portuguese
Decline of Ndongo power after her death

11. Regional Kingdoms and European Arrival in South Africa
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Trade with Swahili city-states developed by Chieftains
1300: Great Zimbabwe stone fortified city
Cape Town built by Dutch in 1652, increased involvement with southern African politics
Khoikhoi people (“Hottentots”) encountered
British colonies also developed
Led the way for Imperialism in Africa

13. Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pre-Islamic paganism, ancestor worship
Islam developed in commercial centers
Timbuktu, major center of Islamic scholarship by 16th century
African traditions and beliefs blended into Islam
Syncretic Islam offended non African Muslims
The Fulani and Islam
Movement to impose strict adherence to Islamic norms in Africa
1680, military campaigns to enforce sharia begun in west Africa
Considerable influence extended to south as well

14. Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Like African Islam, syncretic with African beliefs
Antonian movement, early eighteenth century
Founded by Dona Beatriz, claiming possession by St. Anthony of Padua (thirteenth-century Franciscan preacher, patron saint of Portugal)
Promoted distinctly African Christianity
Jesus a black man, Kongo the holy land, heaven for Africans
King Pedro IV of Kongo persuaded by Christian missionaries to burn Dona Beatriz at the stake

15. Social Change in Early Modern Africa
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Social Change in Early Modern Africa
Kinship groups remained social unit structure
Clan leaders of large kinship groups would consult other regional clans
Trade with Europeans brought new goods to Africa
New crops from Americas
Manioc became staple bread flour (also called cassava)
Corn and peanuts added to African diet
Population growth despite slave trade, boosted by increased food supply
million in sub Saharan Africa
million
Very interesting considering the large depopulation caused by the Atlantic Slave Trade

17. Foundations of the Slave Trade
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Foundations of the Slave Trade
African slavery dates to antiquity
War captives, criminals, people expelled from clans
Distinct from Asian, European slavery
No private property, therefore wealth defined by number of slaves, not land
Slaves often assimilated into owner’s clan
The Islamic Slave Trade
Dramatic expansion of slave trade with Arab traders
New slaves acquired by raiding villages, selling on Swahili coast
Arab traders depended on African infrastructure to maintain supply
European demand on west coast caused demand to rise again

18. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
The Early Slave Trade
Portuguese raided west African coast in 1441, took twelve men
Met with stiff resistance
African dealers ready to provide slaves
1460: 500 slaves per year sold to work as miners, porters, domestic servants in Spain and Portugal
1520: 2,000 per year to work in sugarcane plantations in the Americas
Triangular Trade
European ships undertook voyages on three legs
European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa
African slaves purchased and sent to Americas
Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe

19. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World

20. The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas)
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
The Middle Passage (Africa to Americas)
African slaves captured by raiding parties, force-marched to holding pens at coast
Middle passage under horrific conditions
4–6 weeks
Mortality initially high, often over 50%; eventually declined to 5%
Total slave traffic, fifteenth to eighteenth century: 12 million
Approximately 4 million died before arrival

21. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

22. The Impact of the African Slave Trade
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
The Impact of the African Slave Trade
Rwanda, Bugunda, Masai, Turkana resisted slave trade
Benefitted from distance from slave ports on western coast
Other societies benefitted from slave trade profits
Asante, Dahomey, Oyo peoples
Expansion of total African population due to importation of American crops
Yet millions of captured Africans removed from society, depleting regional populations
Distorted sex ratios resulted
Two-thirds of slaves male, 14–35 years of age
Polygyny encouraged
Women also forced to take on men’s duties
Introduction of firearms increased violence of pre-existing conflicts
More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons
Dahomey people created army dedicated to slave trade

23. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Plantation Societies
Most slaves went to tropical, subtropical regions
First plantation established in Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominican Republic), 1516
Later Mexico, Brazil, Caribbean, and Americas
Sugar major cash crop
Later: tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee
Plantations heavily dependent on slave labor
Racial divisions of labor
Regional Differences
Caribbean, South America: African population unable to maintain number through natural means
Malaria, yellow fever
Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition
Gender imbalance
Constant importation of slaves
North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio
Slave families encouraged as prices rose in eighteenth century

24. Destinations of African Slaves
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Destinations of African Slaves

25. The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Diversity of African cultures concentrated in slave population
Blend of cultures
African languages used when numbers permitted; otherwise, European language adapted with African influences
Creole languages
Christianity adapted to incorporate African traditions

26. Toward the Abolition of Slavery
Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
Toward the Abolition of Slavery
Olaudah Equiano (1745–1797), former slave’s best selling autobiography
Eloquent attacks on institution of slavery
Economic costs of slavery increased
Military expenses to prevent rebellions
Eighteenth century: price of sugar fell, price of slaves rose
Wage labor became more efficient
Wage-earners could spend income on manufactured goods

27. Chapter 25 African and the Atlantic World
End of the Slave Trade
Slave trade abolished in Denmark (1803), Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845)
Possession of slaves remained legal
Clandestine trade continued to 1867
Emancipation of slaves began with British colonies (1833), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888)
Saudi Arabia and Angola continued to 1960s