1. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

2. SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
Every bone in your body is unique and carries its own blood supply and nerves.
When bones are connected to each other they form the framework to our body.
Bones support and protect our vital organs and store minerals
Joints are where two bones meet and these are held together by ligaments. These give flexibility to our skeleton.
Bones, joints, and muscles work together to produce movement.
Minerals: Including Calcium and phosphorus.

3. BONES
Also called osseous tissue and one of the hardest materials in the body
Formed in a gradual process from birth called ossification
The formation of strong bones depend on good supply of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.
Ossification: When the formation of layers of bone cells called “Osteoblasts” develop bone tissue to support the human body.
Sources of calcium and phosphorus: Dairy products, green leafy veggies and meats such as beef, pork or fish.

4. BONE STRUCTURE 4 types of bone = *long, short, flat and irregular
Diaphysis- the shaft of a long bone (the middle)
Epiphysis- the ends of the bone (proximal and distal)
Long bone: Femur or Tibia
Short Bone: Phalanges
Flat bones: Skull bones: Parietal, temporal, occipital and Frontal.
Irregular bones: sacrum and mandible
Sesamoid Bones: Patella

5. THE STRUCTURE OF BONE
Bone is a form of connective tissue. It is very hard; however it is able to change and heal itself.
Tissues of a bone
Periosteum- forms the outermost covering of the bone
Compact bone – hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of our bones
Spongy bone- commonly found in the ends and inner portions of bones. Red bone marrow is found here.
Medullary Cavity- open canal in the middle of diaphysis

6. CARTILAGE
Cartilage- a smooth and white rubbery tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Cartilage is more elastic than bone.
Articular Cartilage- covers the surfaces of bones that form joints in order to make smooth joint movement possible and to protect the bones from rubbing against each other
But more stiff than muscle. Middle ground.
Loss of Articular Cartilage: Osteoarthritis. Causes pain and swelling to limit ROM and function of that joint.

7. Bone PROJECTIONS AND DEPRESSIONS
Head: end
Tuberosity: round prominence on a bone for muscle or ligament attachment
Neck: center
Condyle: a round circle for bones
Process: extra bone tissue
Epicondyle: the round ball-like structure that can sit in the condyle
Foramen: opening or hole within a bone
Trochanter: large prominence of a bone
Tubercle: small round bump on a bone
Condyle: Like a round circle for bones can be smoothly placed to form a joint.
Epicondyle: The round ball-like aspect of a bone that sits comfortably in the condyle of another bone.
Trochanter: A typically large prominence at the end of a bone.
Tubercle: a small round bump on a bone
Tuberosity: Another type of round prominence of a bone specifically for muscle and ligament attachments.
Process: Extra bone tissue that has grown from a larger bone.
Foramen: Refers to an opening or a hole within a bone.

8. The Skeleton =
206 BONES

9. BONES OF THE SKULL Four bones make up your skull: Frontal- front
Parietal –top
Temporal- sides
Occipital – back
Zygomatic – cheekbone
Nasal- nose bone
Mandible- jaw bone
Maxilla – below nose, above lip

10. THORACIC CAVITY, RIBS, AND STERNUM
The thoracic cavity protects the heart and lungs. Made up of ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
Costals (ribs)- 12 pairs
First 7 = true ribs. They are attached directly to the sternum.
Next 3 = false ribs. They are attached to cartilage that joins with the sternum
Last 2 = floating ribs. They are not attached.
Sternum (breastbone)
Manubrium- upper portion of sternum
Body- middle portion of sternum
Xiphoid process- lower portion of sternum

12. SHOULDERS Clavicle (Collar Bone)- connects the sternum to the scapula
Scapula – Shoulder Blade
Acromion- an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of your shoulder

13. ARMS Humerus- upper arm bone
Radius- 1 of 2 bones in the forearm. It runs up the thumb side of your forearm.
Ulna- The other bone in your forearm.
Olecranon Process- large projection on the upper end of the ulna that forms the point of your elbow.

14. WRIST AND HANDS Carpals- bones of the wrist
Metacarpals- bones that form the palm of the hand
Phalanges- bones of the fingers
Each finger has 3 phalanges; distal, medial, proximal
Thumb has 2 phalanges; distal and proximal

15. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 33 VERTEBRAE
Functions are to support the head and body and to protect the spinal cord
Types of Vertebrae
First 7 = Cervical Vertebrae. These vertebrae form the neck. C1-C7
Next 12 = Thoracic Vertebrae. Form the outward curve of the spine. T1-T12
Next 5 = Lumbar Vertebrae. Form the inward curve of the spine. Largest and strongest of the vertebrae. L1-L5
Sacrum- 5 bones fused together after birth. Triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine
Coccyx (tailbone)- 4 bones fused together. Forms the end of the spine.

17. PELVIC GIRDLE
Protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. It is made up of 3 bones fused together.
Ilium- is the upper, blade shaped part of the hip.
Ischium- lower part of the pelvic girdle; posterior
Pubis- anterior portion of the pelvic girdle

19. UPPER LEG Femur- upper leg bone. Largest bone in the body.
Head of Femur, Femoral Neck, Trochanters

20. KNEE Patella- knee cap Popliteal- posterior surface of the knee.
Cruciate Ligaments- make movement possible in knee; Shaped like a cross.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

21. LOWER LEG
Tibia- “shin bone”; Larger of the 2 bones in lower leg. 90% weight-bearing
Fibula- smaller of the 2 bones in lower leg.

22. ANKLES AND FEET Tarsals- bones that make up the ankle
Malleolus (malleoli)- rounded bony protuberance on each side of your ankle
Calcaneus- heel bone
Metatarsals- bones of the foot
Phalanges- bones in your toes (same as fingers)

24. STRUCTURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Ligaments- connects one bone to another bone
Tendons- connects muscles to bones
Synovial Membrane and Fluid- surrounds and acts as a lubricant to make smooth movements possible
Bursa- a fluid filled sac
that acts as a cushion to
ease movements in areas
that are subject to friction
such as shoulder, knee,
and elbow joints.

25. JOINTS Joints are connections between bones. Types of Joints:
Sutures- a jagged line where bones join together to form a joint that doesn’t move.
Symphysis or cartilaginous joint- two bones are joined together and are held firmly together so they function as one bone
Synovial Joints- The movable joints of the body.
Ball and Socket- allow a wide range of movement in many directions. Examples are: hips and shoulders
Hinge- allow movement primarily in one direction or plane. Examples are: knees and elbows

26. SUTURE
SYMPHYSIS
BALL AND SOCKET
HINGE

27. Define the following: Crepitation Exostosis Ewings sarcoma
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Bunion
Dislocation
Osteoarthritis
Subluxation
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis