1. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

2. The Ottoman Empire
Crest of the Ottoman Empire

4. Why the Middle East? Rich Fertile soil
Mountainous regions provide shelter and security
Sea Coasts offer rich fishing
Trade Routes between Asia and Europe
Area rich in Spices—Able to trade with both Europe and Asia as a form of income
Silk trade from Asia to Europe brought paper and gunpowder
More than products exchanged—scientific, religious and artistic ideas also
Topographical Map of the Region

5. The Beginning
Christian Crusaders fighting since 1095 to stop the spread of Islam
1299 independence declared—Osman Gazi
Gazi reigned until 1326
Land amassed through diplomacy and warfare
Osman Gazi, the first Ottoman Sultan

7. Origins of the Ottoman Empire
After Hz. Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D., Muslim faith & power spread throughout Middle East

8. Islam Map

9. By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern Asia) took over the lands of the Muslim empire
Islam’s power in the Middle East started to decline

10. Mongol Map

11. Key Factors in Rise of The Ottomans
control of link between Europe and Asia on the Dardanelles strait
military power
-Janissaries
growth primarily by land conquest

12. THEN . . .
A new empire arose out of the leftovers of the old sultanates (kingdoms) of Anatolia (Turkey).
1299 A.D.- one of these sultans (Osman) began to expand his kingdom
Osman started the Ottoman Empire, named after him

13. ORIGINS of the Ottoman Empire
It was one of the largest & longest lasting empires in history
It was an empire supported & inspired by Islam
It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former Roman Empire) as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean.

14. The Ottoman Empire: Attempts at Reform Reforms began in the late 1700s
with Sultan Selim III Wanted to reorganize and update
the army Wanted to draw on European advisors and techniques Result = opposition from ulama (Muslim religious scholars) and theJanissaries  Believed these reforms would threaten their power and that they conflicted with
Islam  Selim III = overthrown and murdered in
1807

15. The Ottoman Empire!

16. Osman – Founder of the Ottoman State

17. Religion Founded on the principles of Islam United by Islamic beliefs
Churches were converted into mosques
Tolerant of other religions, especially Christians and Jews
Encouraged loyalty from other religious faith groups
, especially

18. Mosque in Istanbul

19. The Janissaries Group of soldiers loyal to the sultan (king)
Army of slaves & Christian converts to Islam
Helped to expand the empire
Became so powerful that the sultans feared them

20. Janissaries Pic

21. Janissaries Photo

22. Origins cont. 1352 A.D. sultans able to cross over into Europe
1453 A.D.-Ottoman soldiers known as Janissaries conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) from the Byzantine empire, thus ending the Roman Empire.
1517 A.D. Ottomans had control of Egypt & extended control to most of North African coast.
: peak of power during rule of Suleiman (“The Magnificent”)

23. Ottoman Map 2

24. Ottoman Map 1

26. Period of Growth
Succeeded Seljuk Turks as great Muslim power in Middle East.
Greatest Emperor was Suleyman ( ).
Military conquests—Captured Belgrade in 1521; turned away from Vienna in 1529.
Ordered construction of Suleiman Mosque
Relied on Janissaries, soldiers who eventually displace Ottoman nobility.
Ottoman counterweight—France and Ottomans allied versus Austrian Habsburgs.

27. The Capture of Constantinople

28. Captures Constantinople in 1453 Opens it to all groups of people
C. Mehmet II
Captures Constantinople in 1453
Opens it to all groups of people
Uses canons
( Canons that would fire 1200 pound boulders to destroy walls)

29. The importance of Constantinople
It was the heart of the Byzantine empire for 1100 years
1453 A.D.-conquered by the Sultan Mehmet II & became the Ottoman capital
The effect on Christian Europe was enormous
Renamed Istanbul which means the “city of Islam”
Istanbul became a political and military capital
Positioned at the junction of Europe, Africa, and Asia
Located on both sides of the Bosporus, a narrow strait separating Europe from Asia
The only major city located on two continents

30. Hagia Sophia ( was a Christian Church turned into a mosque)

31. Suleiman
Ruled from
Made Ottoman Empire the richest & most powerful empire in Europe and Southwest Asia at the time

32. Suleiman Greatest Ottoman leader of all time
Brought justice & harmony by publishing a code of laws (“The Lawgiver”)
Feared & respected by Europeans
Turned Constantinople into a great center of art, music, writing, and philosophy
Wrote some of the most beautiful poetry of his time

34. Suleiman’s Mosque

35. Suleiman’s Army

36. Expansion
Suleiman believed that the entire world was his possession as a gift of God.
Vast amounts of Islamic territories were annexed or invaded.
Very strong military
Expert in developing gunpowder as a military tool

37. The Muslim Ottoman Empire eventually controlled what is now:
Turkey
Egypt
Greece
Bulgaria
Romania
Macedonia
Hungary
Palestine
Jordan
Lebanon
Syria
Much of the coastal strip of North Africa
Parts of Arabia

38. Trade Located on major trade routes between Europe & Asia
Some goods traded were:
Silk & other cloth
Rhubarb
Porcelain from China
Spices such as pepper
Dyes such as indigo

40. Selim the Grim
Excellent Sultan
Harsh person
Executes all brothers, father, and all sons but one
Captures Mecca and Medina in 1519

41. Ottoman Empire had one of the greatest navies in the world

42. Trade map

43. THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
SS7H2
The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia (the Middle East) leading to the 21st century.

44. Essential Questions After the breakup of the Ottoman Empire,
Europe partitioned (divided) lands in the Middle East.
1.How did this European partitioning lead to regional conflict?
2. Land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East. Describe how and why this is true.

45. THE BREAKUP OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
1571 A.D. – decline began after several military defeats
1683 A.D.-failed invasion of Vienna, Austria
Economic problems
1. trade competition from Americas
2. cheap products from India & Far
East
3. development of other trade routes
4. rising unemployment & near
bankruptcy

47. The Ottoman Bureaucracy
SULTAN
Divans
Social / Military Divans
Heads of Individual Religious Millets
Muslims
Jews
Local Administrators & Military
Christians
Landowners / Tax Collectors

48. Decline Military Defeat—Lepanto in 1571; Vienna—1683
Russian expansion to Black Sea and Austrian expansion in Balkans
Weak Rulers: Selim ( ) “The Glutton”; Ibrahim ( ) drowned 280 concubines in the Bosphorus.
Internal disruptions—Janissaries revolt

50. Continued Decline
Revolts in the Balkans (Serbia in 1804; Greece in 1821
Failed Reforms—Selim III ( )—attempts to introduce European style military opposed by clerics and Janissaries.
1850s—Tanzimat reforms of bureaucracy fail due to military losses (Crimea) and continued Balkan revolts.

52. Why the Decline Doctrine of Closed Revelation
European incursions (British Land Bridge to India; Russian and Habsburg expansionism; European devotion to Holy Land)

53. Decline Map

54. Pre-WWI Reform Movements
Prime Minister Midhat Pasha and the Constitution of 1876—unitary state, free press, freedom of conscience, equality before the law; and equitable taxation.
Sultan fired Midhat in 1877.
Russia defeats Ottomans in war.
Young Turks emerge calling for Constitution of 1876.
Struggle between Young Turks and Sultan over constitution interrupted by WWI.

56. Ottoman Dismemberment
Ottomans support Central Powers in WWI.
Treaty of Sevres/Lausanne break up Ottoman Empire.
France and Britain get Syria and Palestine; Truncated country of Turkey is created.
Turkey under Mustafa Kemal [ ] (Ataturk) becomes secular Muslim State.

57. Breakup continued Economic weakness caused military weakness
After losing WWI, the empire lost control of Arab lands
By 1924, the Ottoman Empire no longer existed

58. Turkey was declared a republic.
The Ottoman Empire
officially ended on
Nov. 1, 1922.
Turkey was declared a republic.

60. Turkey Today