2. Something to think about…
(hans rosling 200 countries)
What does this actually mean?
(why poverty)

3. Are you the typical person?
Are you the typical person

4. Reality check https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Up2oK5nx3bI
( so you think you’re doing it tough)
(teenage affluenza)

5. Characteristics of high, middle and low income countries

6. What do you see in these pictures?
What type of countries are these pictures reflecting? How do you know?
What would the government spend the money on?

7. What do you see in this picture?
List some resources and infrastructure that a developed country may have.
Who pays for all the infrastructure you can see in this photo?

8. What are High, Middle and Low Countries?
Countries are divided into groups or classifications
We can classify them as either developed or developing countries
It helps us understands links and connections between countries and explore similarities and difference

9. How do we classify countries?
Developed by the World Bank
Considers a countries Gross National Income (GNI) per capita or average income.
** This is updated each year on 1st July to take into account any changes.
The three groups we classify them are:
High income
Middle Income
Low Income

10. Characteristics of countries
Economic Characteristics
Relate to the financial or economic state of a country and the influence and opportunities and resources that are available for its citizens.
Includes income, level of debt, poverty, welfare support, industry, trade opportunities
Social Characteristics
Includes gender equality, birth rates, employment, education levels, healthcare system, living standards, social justice, access to technology, legal and political systems.
Environmental Characteristics
Includes infrastructure, access to clean water, access to improved sanitation, access to food, energy use, resource use, agricultural productivity

11. Characteristics of LOW INCOME countries
Defined by World Bank as having a GNI per capita of $1025 or less
Social Characteristics
Economic Characteristics
Environmental Characteristics
- Low levels of education
Low gender equality
Low employment opportunities
High dependence on foreign aid
Abuse of human rights
Ineffective law management
Low levels of economic growth
Poor trade agreements
Low GNI per capita
Dependence on agriculture to generate jobs and income
Poor water quality and availability
Poor sanitation
Poor outdoor and indoor air quality
Greater exposure to toxic substances
Poor waste disposal
Poorly developed infrastructre

12. Characteristics of MIDDLE INCOME countries
Defined by World Bank as having a GNI per capita of $1026 and $4035 or less.
Social Characteristics
Economic Characteristics
Environmental Characteristics
- Gender inequality and social exclusion common
Dependence on foreign aid
Minimum level of support of human rights
Variation in literacy and education levels
Moderate level of GNI per capita
High economic growth
Industrialisation often high i.e. urban design.
Openess to trade and integrate with global economy
Quality of water varies
Indoor air quality is often poor
Quality of roads is inconsistent
Quality of housing is variable
Some areas have high levels of technology whilst some donts

13. Characteristics of HIGH INCOME countries
Defined by World Bank as having a GNI per capita of $12476 or more
Social Characteristics
Economic Characteristics
Environmental Characteristics
-large amounts of money
High levels of education
Gender equality is more prominent
Not dependent on foreign aid
Human rights not jepodised
Strong economic growth
Highly industrialised
Low levels of unemployment
Export and trade goods
Good water quality and sanitation
Access to adequate toilets
Regular garbage disposal
High quality roads
Good quality housing
Advanced technology

14. So in summary….

15. Developed Countries Or industrialised
High level of economic development
Have highest standard of living
Well established education and heath care systems
Access to adequate food, housing, safe water, sanitation
Long life expectancy and low under 5 mortality
Examples, Australia, New Zealand, USA and Japan

18. Developing Countries Low to medium standard of living
Industries poorly developed
High population and low income
Poor governance and unstable political environment
Less access to technology
Lack of access to safe water and sanitation
Limited access to adequate food supply
Limited health care and immunisations available
Poor participation in education and low literacy levels
Most developing countries are in Africa, Asia and Latin America

23. Watch ‘A Tale of 2 girls’ http://www.who.int/features/2003/11/en/
Contrast the different conditions when Aiko and Maraim were one day old, including their life expectancies.
What differences exist when the girls are aged six?
At age 17, what challenges did Mariam face?
Compare and contrast Miriam and Aiko at age 30.
Mariam died when she was 34; Aiko may live until she is 85. Identify the different factors that contributed to the life expectancies of the two girls. Why were the odds stacked against Mariam?
What is meant by : ‘One planet: two different worlds?’

24. Similarities and Differences in Health Status and burden of disease

25. When making comparisons in health status between groups it is important to remember that there can be lots of diversity
We need to consider the following indicators when discussing health status differences –
Life Expectancy
Mortality rates
Morbidity rates
Burden of disease (including DALY’s)

26. Life Expectancy
Refers to an indication of how long a person is expected to live.
Average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.
High income countries experience better health status and longer life expectancy compared with lower income countries.
Why?
High Income Life expectancy
Middle Income Life Expectancy
Low Income Life Expectancy
80.6 years
70.6 years
61.3 years

27. Infant Mortality Rates
Refers to the number of deaths that occur in the first year of life.
Australia, for example as a high income country have a LOW infant mortality rate compared with many low income countries.
Why?

28. Under 5 Mortality Rates
Refers to number of deaths that occur in the first five years of life.
High income countries generally have a lower level when compared to low income countries.
The number of deaths is a reflection of the following:
Nutritional health status of mother
Health literacy of mother
Level of immunisation available
Availability of maternal and child health services
Income and food availability in the family
Availability of clean water and safe sanitation
Overall safety of the child environment

29. Under 5 Mortality Rates
The leading causes of death between countries differs.
What are some leading causes of death that you may think be common for:
High income countries?
Low income countries?
Malnutrition is a major factor in mortality and morbidity rates amongst children.
This can have an effect on a child's overall health and wellbeing and lead to other conditions.
Low birthweight is another contributor (the weight of the baby is less than 2.5kg) and is a major contributor for children under the age of 5 in low income countries.

30. Under 5 Mortality Rates

31. Under 5 Mortality Rates

32. Maternal Mortality Rates
Refers to the number of deaths in women due to pregnancy or childbirth related complications.
High maternal mortality rates in low income countries
Maternal mortality higher for adolescent mothers and women living in rural areas and among poorer communities in low income countries.
Skilled care before and after the birth can save lives of women and newborn babies.
Complications arising during pregnancy and childbirth lead to the deaths of many women in low income countries
For example, in Chad only 53% of pregnant women receive antenatal care at least once during pregnancy. In contrast in Australia, almost 100% of women receive excellent antenatal care and have highly skilled birth attendants at the birth of their baby.

33. Morbidity Rates
Refers to ill health caused by a disease or illness in an individual or levels of ill health in a population.
Often measured in terms of prevalence and incidence

34. Burden of Disease
Impact of a particular disease in relation to healthy life lost due to ill health and disability or death experienced by a country’s population.
Significant differences in disease burden between countries.
Low income countries – HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea related conditions.
High income countries – injury and disability, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, depression, asthma.

35. If it were my home…. Great comparison of data between countries…