1. Bell Ringer – Key Periods 1-5
Which of the following best describes the way Europeans treated Native Americans in the 1500’s and 1600’s
Granting trading rights to the American interior through the St. Lawrence River rather than though Atlantic port cities
The Hartford Convention drew up which of the following?
Native American ways of life were respected
Europeans thought it was permissible to exterminate them
Allow the importation of slaves until 1808, Three-fifths Compromise, Elastic Clause, and “due process”
Europeans cultivated good relations with natives and sought to make them economic partners
Indians were seen as inferior people subject to Christian domination
Petition of grievances, demand of inalienable rights, and consent of the governed
One of the consequences of the Great Awakening was
Demanded a two-thirds vote to declare war, omission of slaves from the census, one term presidents
a closer sense of unity between England and its colonies
Sovereignty of each state, state ability to nullify acts of Congress, and the union as a compact among the states.
that the Church of England was adopted by the colonies as an officially established church
The Missouri Compromise provided for
the discussion of new ideas in religion
the end of slavery in the District of Columbia
a challenge to traditional beliefs
Admission of Maine as a Free State and Missouri as a slave state.
The Quebec Act both infuriated and threatened American colonists by
Gradual emancipation of slaves below the 36°30’ line
Allowing France to resume political control of Quebec Province
Slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty
Forcing Canada to accept the Church of England and the religious authority of the Anglican bishop
Granting Quebec Province a self-governing structure and the freedom to practice Catholicism

2. Changing Laws Doesn’t Always Change Minds
The Successes and Failures of Civil Rights Legislation

3. Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1957:  Prohibited intimidation, coercion, or interference with federal elections
The first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction
Filibustered by Sen. Strom Thurmond (SC)
His one-man filibuster lasted 24 hours and 18 minutes; he began with readings of every state‘s election laws in alphabetical order. Thurmond later read from the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, and George Washington's Farewell Address.
He would serve as a senator until his retirement in January 2003 at the age of 100.

4. Field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi
Medgar Evers (1963)
Field secretary for the NAACP in Mississippi
Murdered in his own driveway after a meeting with the NAACP; mourned nationally
Killed by Byron De La Beckwith
Killer charged; all-white male jury deadlocked on his guilt
Convicted based on new evidence in 1994

5. March on Washington 1963
Organized by civil rights, labor, and religious organizations
March for “Jobs and freedom”
Over 200,000 people participated
Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech

6. I Have a Dream! Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty,
we are free at last!

7. Mississippi Civil Rights Workers' Lynching (1964)
James Earl Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael “Mickey” Schwerner
Three voting rights activists were threatened by the local Klan in Mississippi after speaking at a church and urging the congregation to register to vote
Later, Klansmen attacked the congregation and burned the church in order to lure the activists back to town
The three men were brutally beaten, shot, and buried by members of the Klan and local police
Resulted in the largest televised search in history
Bodies found 44 days later

8. Civil Rights Successes
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed major forms of discrimination against minorities and women
Ended unequal voter registration requirements and segregation in schools, work, and the public
24th Amendment: Outlawed poll taxes
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Outlawed literacy tests

9. Voter Education Project
Raised funds for voter education and registration in Southern states
Developed by RFK
Voter Mobilization Tours: Campaigned from town to town and from door to door, encouraging southerners to register to vote

10. Selma March
Attempts to march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama to support African-American voting rights.
"Bloody Sunday“: 600 marchers were attacked by state and local police
The second march: 2,500 protesters turned around halfway in accordance with a court injunction.
The third march: 1,900 protesters made it to the State Capitol after being protected by thousands of members of the U.S. Army, Alabama National Guard, FBI agents.

11. End of an Era
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39.
James Earl Ray, a fugitive from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was charged with the crime.
Pled guilty and sentenced to 99 years in prison. Died in 1998 at the age of 70.

12. Bobby Kennedy and MLK
Bobby Kennedy announces MLK’s assassination at his presidential campaign rally in Indianapolis
Called for a reconciliation between the races and the end of violence. 
Riots broke out in 60 cities in the wake of King's death, but not in Indianapolis, a fact many attribute to the effect of Kennedy’s speech.

13. …Divided We Fall
Divisions Destroy the Civil Rights Movement

14. Black Power Movement and Stokely Carmichael
Former leader of SNCC
Unhappy with the slow progress of nonviolent civil disobedience
Coined the term “black power”; emphasized racial pride and the desire to create black political and cultural institutions to promote black interests and values

15. Malcolm X Followed the Nation of Islam
Preached complete separation from whites
Demanded violent actions of self-defense
“Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.”
Born Malcolm Little; father killed by white supremacists

16. Malcolm X Became disillusioned with militant Islam
Reformed after a pilgrimage to Mecca, calling for blacks and whites to work together
Assassinated by a former follower in 1965

17. Black Panthers
The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale in 1966
The organization initially aimed at the protection of African-American neighborhoods from police brutality
Most known for armed citizens patrols
Created social programs to alleviate poverty

19. Black Power at the Olympics
At the 1968 Olympics, African American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave the black power salute during their medal ceremony after winning the gold and bronze medals in the 200m race.
The event was one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games. 

21. Watts Riots (1965)
Long term causes: residential segregation, police discrimination, and brutality
Immediate cause: Brutal arrest of 21-year old Marquette Frye
Riot lasted five days, with 34 deaths, thousands of injuries and arrests, and $40 million in damage
"The streets of Watts resembled an all-out war zone in some far-off foreign country, it bore no resemblance to the United States of America.” 
-LAPD Sergeant Ben Dunn
Mainstream white America saw rioters as criminals destroying their own neighborhood
Black community saw themselves as fighting against oppression
Martial law declared; eventually put down by CA National Guard

22. The Kerner Commission
"Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal."
Kerner Commission: Created by LBJ to investigate the causes of race riots in the United States and to provide recommendations for the future
Kerner Report: Determined that recent race riots resulted from black frustration at lack of economic opportunity
Blamed federal government for failed policies and not enforcing laws
Blamed media for reporting “with white men's eyes and white perspective.”
Called to create new jobs, construct new housing, hire more diverse police forces, and put a stop to de facto segregation 
Became an instant best-seller (over 2 million sold)