1. Forensic Anthropology

2. Forensic Anthropology
Definition: An applied area of __________________ anthropology
Role: To assist ________________ enforcement agencies in a medical _____________ context

3. General Goals
1. Establish _______________ profile: age, sex, race, height
2. Determine ____________ since death
(PMI- post ________________ interval)
3. Examine remains for signs of _____________________
4. Establish positive ______________

4. Who do they work with? _______________ Departments
_________________ Offices
Office of the Attorney General
_____________________ offices
FBI
_______________
Private individuals

5. Estimating Age _______________features Dentition
Epiphyseal _________ of long bones

6. Skull Features… The _____________________
skull minus the _________ jaw bone, AKA, the mandible
Mandible - _____________________ bone of the face
consists of _____________ bones.
6 unpaired bone
_____ paired bones
3 ___________ bones on each side
Some bones are _________________
there is a left and right one
some bones are _________________
there is just one.

7. _______________ – Newborn = first ______ days after birth
Mandible is _____________ & is two separate bones (left & right)
Over time the mandible _________ together to form one bone.
Around the age of __________________

8. DENTITION
Teeth can be divided into ________________ (upper) and ____________________________ (lower)
There are four different categories of teeth:
incisors, ____________, premolars, and _____________
Adults will usually have a total of _______ teeth. 
The function of each tooth is different. 
Incisors are designed for ________________
canines are pointed for ___________________
premolars & molars are designed for grinding & reducing food

9. The Hyoid
Small, ___________-shaped bone that supports the ______________, and gives attachment to many muscles in ____________
This bone is of particular interest to forensic anthropologists as it is commonly __________ in cases of ____________________
Hyoid fuses at about ________ years of age.

10. Long Bones Humerus - __________ arm bone
Ulna/Radius - ___________ arm bones
Femur – your _______ bone.
the __________________ of all bones
Tibia & Fibula - two bones that make up your _____________ leg
tibia is known as the ___________________ bone,
it is the second largest bone in the body

11. Determining Sex __________________ features
_________________Characteristics
Analysis of _________________
Dentition

12. - A baby's skeleton has _______ bones, but many of these fuse
adult have a total of _______ bones. 
A man's skeleton has broader ___________ than a woman's, a longer __________________ , and a pelvic girdle for walking/running. 
A woman's skeleton has the same bone complement as a man's but is slightly _____________ and less _________________, with a wider ___________ opening to assist childbirth.

15. Margin is rounder & dull
Skull Features
FEATURE
MEN
WOMEN
Cranial Mass
Blocky & Massive
Deeper
Rounder &
Tapers at the Top
Brow Ridge
Margin is rounder & dull
Margin is sharper
Mandible
(lower jaw)
Square Shaped
Rounded Shape

16. Pelvic Bone Characteristics
The bones are ________________ in shape
AKA: Hip Bone
the large bone in the hip, consisting of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubic bone.
They are the ____________________ of determining the ____________ of a skeleton

17. Determination of Sex:
•Pelvis is the best bone (differences due to adaptations to childbirth):
1. females have wider sub-pubic arch angle.
2. females have a sciaticnotch > 90°
3. females have a broad pelvic inlet

18. Analysis of the Femur Typically ______________ in men
Women’s bones stop developing around _____
Men’s bones develop until about _________
Men have more _____________________

19. ***RACE IS THE HARDEST TO IDENTIFY***
Determining Race
_______________characteristics: Oval eye orbits, Narrow nasal opening
Europe, North Africa, West Asian
_____________ characteristics: square eye orbit, greater breadth at nose, protruding teeth
Sub-Saharan Africa
________________: in between the two. Native Americans have “shoveled” teeth.
East Asia, Arctic, Native Americans (North and South)
***RACE IS THE HARDEST TO IDENTIFY***

20. Determining Time Since Death
Decay of ____________ and/or skeleton
Articulation & _____________ of remains
Material Remains??
Clothing
Objects

21. Postmortem Interval - PMI
Antemortem trauma: ______________ death
Perimortem trauma: _______ or _______________ the time of death
Post mortem trauma: _________ death

22. Cause of Death
Can be homicide, suicide, accidental, natural, and unknown
Easier with a _________________ body
Often very difficult with flesh and _______________ gone
Look for things like __________________ and indentations caused by ________________ trauma, ____________________ fragments, etc.

23. FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Obtain skull
Add ____________________ depth markers
Begin to add common ____________ deposits and underlying _________________
Add muscle to average depth for race
Add skin, _______________, ears
Add features related to age__________ and race (wrinkles, eye and hair color)
Add clothing etc. appropriate for the ____________________, religious affiliations, etc.