1. Unit 1: Introduction to Chemistry
All the background needed for the rest of Chemistry 11

2. 2.1 Learning Outcomes standard and scientific notation
Calculators & exponents (EE,EXP, ^)
conversion factors (CF)

3. 2.1 Vocabulary Words

4. 2. 1 A Standard notation (St. N), scientific notation (Sc
2.1 A Standard notation (St. N), scientific notation (Sc. N) and using your calculator
Sc. N is used to express very large or extremely small numbers as a coefficient raised to a power of 10.
The exponent for 10 can be a positive number (lg numbers) or a negative number (sm. numbers).

5. For example, the mass of the earth is about 1,317,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 pounds. This would be extremely difficult to write out each time. Using scientific notation, we would write the same number as x 1024

6. Standard notation
Scientific notation
Using calculator
(EE, EXP, ^)
1.1 x 10 9
1.1 EE 9
9.8 x 10-5
9.8 EXP -5

7. Rules for writing large numbers in scientific notation:
Write 123,456,000 in scientific notation

8. All whole numbers have a decimal point: 123,456,000.
Move the decimal point to the left:
Count the number of spaces moved the decimal point: 8 =exponent= 108
In scientific notation, our number is written as x 108

9. Rules for writing small numbers in scientific notation:
Write in scientific notation

10. Move the decimal point to the right so that the number to the left of the decimal point is greater than or equal to 1 and smaller than 10:
Count the number of spaces we moved the decimal point: = 7 spaces to the right= Our exponent will be 10-7
In scientific notation, our number is written as 1.23 x 10-7

11. C. Practicing converting between standard and scientific notation
1,897,432,000
3,874,000
1,000,000,000,000,000
256,000,000,000
875,932,745
x 10-4
1 x 10-13
x 10-4
x 10-6
x 10-1

12. C. Practicing converting between standard and scientific notation
x 109
3.874 x 106
1.0 x 1015
2.56 x 1011
x 108

13. B. Using your calculator…..

14. Which button on your calculator is used for expressing “to the power of 10” (EE, EXP, ^…)?

20. What steps do you need to take to write a negative exponent
What steps do you need to take to write a negative exponent? For example: 1.0 x 10-7

21. TIP:
When calculating with power, the EXP or EE button replaces the 1.0 x 10 9 in the number.
For example if I am to enter 1.79 x 1023 into my calculator, I would enter: 1.79 EXP 23

22. Try these calculations:
5x103 g x 0.2 g
6.02 x 1023 atoms x 3 atoms
27 / 1.9 x 10-21
1.7 x 1024 x 2.7 x 10-17
Remember, these are ways to represent REALLY big or small numbers….x10…means to the power of __, not times 10

23. Try these calculations:
1.0 x 103
1.806 x 1024
x 1022
x 1040

24. Metric Conversion Line
Detail Line

25. 2.1 B. Conversion Factor using old fashion Word Problems:
Sample Questions:
If a car can go 80 km in 1 hour, how far can it go in 8.5 hours?
Answer:
# km = 8.5 hours x 80 km = 680 km hour

26. How many milligrams are in 8 kg of sugar?
Answer:
# mg = 8 kg x 1x103g x 1 mg = 8 x 106 mg
1 kg x10-3 g

27. Conversion factor (CF): a fractional expression relating or connecting two different units or prefixes
A fraction with a value = 1
CF are used to change from one unit to another
always include units in every step

28. For every unit conversion use the following steps: U = I x CF
Identify the Unknown amount and units
Identify the Initial amount and units
List the CF(s) that will relate or connect the I units to the U units
Solve (the units of the I must cancel with the units of the bottom of the CF)
See SWB examples on page 10 – 14

29. If a car can go 80 km in 1 hour, how far can it go in 8.5 hours?
Answer:
# km = 8.5 hours x 80 km = 680 km hour

30. How many milligrams are in 8 kg of sugar?
Answer:
# mg = 8 kg x 1x103g x 1 mg = 8 x 106 mg
1 kg x10-3 g

31. 2.1 C Multiple CF’s: Always create a plan: L  gal $ or mL  L  kL
Each “” represent a CF
can be computed in separate steps or all in one step
See SWB examples on page 14-15

32. Sample Question with many CF’s
How many days would it take to fly to mars in a space shuttle if it had enough supplies? Mars is 90 million km from Earth (the shuttle in Earth orbit travels at km/h).

33. Sample Question
How many days would it take to fly to mars in a space shuttle if it had enough supplies? Mars is 90 million km from Earth (the shuttle in Earth orbit travels at km/h). U

34. Sample Question
How many days would it take to fly to mars in a space shuttle if it had enough supplies? Mars is 90 million km from Earth (the shuttle in Earth orbit travels at km/h). U I

35. Sample Question
How many days would it take to fly to mars in a space shuttle if it had enough supplies? Mars is 90 million km from Earth (the shuttle in Earth orbit travels at km/h). U I CF

36. Sample Question
How many days would it take to fly to mars in a space shuttle if it had enough supplies? Mars is 90 million km from Earth (the shuttle in Earth orbit travels at km/h). U I
Other CF? CF

37. Sample Question
How many days would it take to fly to mars in a space shuttle if it had enough supplies? Mars is 90 million km from Earth (the shuttle in Earth orbit travels at km/h). U I
Other CF? =
1 day 24 hours CF

38. One step answer:
# days = 9.0 x 107 km x 1 hour x 1 day
km hrs
= days

39. Two step answer:
# hours = 9.0 x 107 km x 1 hour = 3.2x103hrs km
# days = 3.2x103 hrs x 1 day = 1.3x102 days
24 hrs