2. Special Senses Foundation Standard 1: Academic Foundation
Understand human anatomy, physiology, common diseases and disorders, and medical math principles.
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems
structures and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue
identify senses for sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system
Etiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention

3. The Senses Special Sight, hearing, taste, smell
General (through out body)
Heat, cold, pain, nausea, hunger, thirst, touch
Cutaneous (skin)
Touch, heat, cold, pain
Visceral
Nausea, hunger, thirst, need to urinate and defecate
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue; identify senses for sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch)

4. The Eye External Structure Orbit- cavity
Fatty tissue-cushions and protects eyeball
Muscle- connect eye to orbit
Eyelids- protect from intense light and foreign particles
Eyelashes-sensors
Sebum- to keep soft and pliable
Conjunctiva
Membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the exposed eyeball
Lacrimal Apparatus
Gland produces tears- lysozyme(antiseptic), cleanse, and lubricate eye
Tear ducts- drain tears into the nasal cavity
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of eye, identify senses for sight,)

5. The Eye
© F.A. Davis, Reprinted with permission from Diseases of the Human Body, Sixth Edition, by Carol A. Tamparo, and Anatomy & Physiology in a Flash! An Interactive, Flash-Card Approach, by Joy Hurst. All rights reserved
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of eye; identify senses for sight,)

6. The Internal Eye Layers
Sclera- outermost protective layer
Cornea- transparent, no blood vessels, curved to allow bending of light to focus on retina
Choroid- contains blood vessels for nourishment
Pupil- area where light passes through
Iris- colored portion of the eye, controls the size of the pupil
Retina
Nerve ending that receive and interpret the light rays
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of eye; identify senses for sight,)

7. Chambers Anterior Chamber Aqueous humor Bathes iris, pupil, and lens
Biconvex, crystalline lens
Shape controlled by the ciliary lens
Accommodation (change angle of refraction to focus on retina)
Posterior Chamber
Vitreous humor- jellylike fluid to maintain shape of eye
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of eye; identify senses for sight,)

8. The Sense of Vision
Light  Conjunctiva  Cornea  Aqueous Humor  Lens Accommodation (refraction of light and change the shape of the lens)  Vitreous Humor  Focus on Retina  Optic Nerve (Receptors- Rods for dim light and Cones for bright and color)
Scott/Fong. Body Structures and Functions 2017 Delmar, Learning, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission.
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of eye; identify senses for sight,)

9. Eye Disorders Cataracts- clouded lens Corrected with surgery
Strabismus- eye muscles fail to coordinate
Children
Corrected with lenses, exercises, or surgery
© F.A. Davis, Reprinted with permission from Diseases of the Human Body, Sixth Edition, by Carol A. Tamparo, and Anatomy & Physiology in a Flash! An Interactive, Flash-Card Approach, by Joy Hurst. All rights reserved
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (a. Etiology, b. Pathology, c. Diagnosis,
d. Treatment, e. Prevention

10. Eye Disorders Myopia (nearsighted) Distant objects are blurry
Eyeball too long
Light rays do not focus on retina
Hyperopia (farsighted)
Near objects blurry
Eyeball too short
Focal point behind retina
Presbyopia (farsighted) occurs with age
© F.A. Davis, Reprinted with permission from Diseases of the Human Body, Sixth Edition, by Carol A. Tamparo, and Anatomy & Physiology in a Flash! An Interactive, Flash-Card Approach, by Joy Hurst. All rights reserved
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (a. Etiology, b. Pathology, c. Diagnosis,
d. Treatment, e. Prevention

11. Eye Disorders Amblyopia (lazy eye) Abnormal dominance of one eye
Poor vision in other eye
Treated by covering dominant eye
Glaucoma
Increased pressure caused by excessive production of aqueous humor or failure to drain
Treated with medication or surgery
1.21 Describe common diseases and disorders of each body system (a. Etiology, b. Pathology, c. Diagnosis,
d. Treatment, e. Prevention

12. The Ear
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of ear, identify senses for hearing)

13. The Sense of Hearing External Ear Pinna (Auricle)
Outer projection that collects and focuses sound waves
Auditory Canal
Conducts sound waves to tympanic membrane
Contains cerumen (ear wax) to protect and lubricate the ear
Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
Separates external ear from middle ear
Conducts sound waves
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of ear, identify senses for hearing)

14. The Sense of Hearing Middle Ear Ossicles
Hammer (maleus)  anvil (incus)  stirrup (stapes)  oval window  inner ear
Amplify sound waves through solid (bone)
Eustachian Tubes
Connect the middle ear to the pharynx to equalize pressure
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Cochlea Duct – fluid (perilymph) Back of cochlea- endolymph  Organ of Corti hair like receptors)  acoustic nerve  brain
Semicircular Canals- equilibrium (balance)
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of ear; identify senses hearing)

15. Hearing Disorders Otitis Media Acute middle ear infection
Children, often associated with upper respiratory infections
Pain, edema, pus
Antibiotics if bacterial, chronic tubes inserted in tympanic membrane
Otosclerosis
Excessive bone growth in middle ear
Affects the stapes causing immobilization of the bone and deafness
Surgical removal of stapes and replacement with an artificial stapes
Tinnitus- Ringing in the ears
Damage to the inner ear hairs
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of tongue; identify senses for, taste)

16. The Sense of Taste Taste Buds (Receptors) cranial nerves
Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami,
Controversy over taste bud pattern
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of tongue; identify senses for, taste)

17. The Sense of Smell and Touch
Receptors in the olfactory region of the upper part of the nasal cavity  cranial nerves
90% of taste, therefore little taste during colds
Touch
Temperature, Touch, Tickle, Traction, Pain, Pressure
1.13 Analyze basic structures and functions of human body systems (special senses).
a. Special senses (structures and functions of nose and tongue; identify senses for smell, taste, touch)