1. Do Now # /8/18
What do all of these have in common?

2. Genetics and Inheritance
Chapter 11

3. DNA  gene controls one specific trait. Gene = one section of DNA that
(Examples: Hairline gene, earlobe gene, etc.)

4. DNA  gene  chromosome

5. How are these traits passed from one generation to the next?
Every living things inherits traits, or characteristics, from its parents.
How are these traits passed from one generation to the next?
The answer lies in the study of genetics.

6. Essential Question: Mendelian Genetics "How can two brown fur rabbits
have a
white fur baby?"

7. Genetics Definition = The branch of biology that studies heredity.
(Heredity = biological inheritance)

8. Gregor Mendel “Father of Genetics”
~Austrian monk ~In charge of the monastery garden ~Experimented with pea plants
Gregor Mendel      

9. Mendel observed seven traits that are easily recognized and apparently only occur in one of two forms:

10. Mendel knew an important fact of his pea plants: The flowers have both male and female reproductive parts.

11. Fertilization of a plant’s egg cells by the pollen of another plant =
Pollination
Pea plants contain both male and female parts, so they can produce seeds by… SELF-POLLINATION
Fertilization of a plant’s egg cells by the pollen of another plant =
CROSS-POLLINATION

13. Terminology: Allele – alternative form of a GENE
1. Gene- a section of DNA that controls a specific trait
Allele – alternative form of a GENE
Trait—a characteristic of a species determined by specific genes

14. Dominant gene—the presence of this type of gene will mask/hide the other gene
Recessive gene—this gene is hidden by the other gene unless there are two copies of the recessive form.

15. Video from: http://ed. ted

16. By breeding many plants over and over, he found that "statistically"
Results
By breeding many plants
over and over,
he found that "statistically"
certain traits appeared
with a certain probability

17. Mendel’s Results and Conclusions:
Biological characteristics are determined by genes.
(Genes are passed from parents to their offspring.)

18. Mendel’s Results and Conclusions:
Some forms (alleles) of a gene may be dominant and others may be recessive.

19. Mendel’s Results and Conclusions:
In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene—one from each parent. These genes are segregated/separated from each other when gametes are formed.
(Law of Segregation)

20. Mendel’s Results and Conclusions:
The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another.
(Law of Independent Assortment)

21. Heredity WebQuest

23. Do Now #2 11/29/16
Use figure 11-4 on page 265 to answer the following questions
Why are none of the F1 generation short?
Why do the F1 plants have an allele for shortness?
What proportion (ratio) of the F2 plants had a trait controlled by a dominant allele?

24. Terminology continued:
6. HYBRID –offspring of parents with different traits
7. Homozygous - both pairs of genes
for a specific trait are the same
8. Heterozygous - both pairs of genes
are different

25. Terminology Con’t… 9. Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism
(ie. AA, Aa, aa)
10. Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism
(ie. Hair color, eye color, etc.)

26. Monohybrid Crosses. A cross between individuals that
Monohybrid Crosses A cross between individuals that involves ONE pair of contrasting traits

27. Punnett Squares!!! = tool used to determine the probability of offspring of a cross between two parents

28. Punnett Squares B b MonoHybrid Cross = DOMINANT (capital letter)
Can be used to predict & compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross
= DOMINANT
(capital letter)
= DOMINANT B
MonoHybrid Cross
= recessive
(lower case)
= recessive b

29. Punnett Squares
Squares
Punnett
Can be used to predict & compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross
= DOMINANT
= DOMINANT
(capital letter)
HOMOzygous = organisms that have 2 IDENTICAL alleles for the same trait B
= recessive
(lower case)
= recessive
HETEROzygous = organisms that have 2 DIFFERENT alleles for the same trait b

30. Do Now #3 11/30/16 What is a genotype? How do we write a genotype?
What is phenotype? Give an example.
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genes?

31. The likely hood that a particular event will occur
12/1/2018 3:52 AM
Probability – Penny Genetics
The likely hood that a particular event will occur
T = Tails
t = Heads
Squares
Punnett
Segregation
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The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

32. Do Now #4 12/1/16 Trait for Tongue Rolling
R = Dominant = CAN roll tongue
r = Recessive = can NOT roll tongue
Cross Parent 1 (Rr) with Parent 2 (rr) and answer the following:
What is the genotype of each parent?
Write the genotype for each offspring.
What is the phenotype for each offspring?
What percent of the offspring have a heterozygous genotype?

33. Do Now #5 12/2/16
Get a Genetics Review Sheet from the front desk.
Try to complete it WITHOUT notes first.
Compare answers with a neighbor.

34. Test Cross
To determine the GENOTYPE of an organism expressing the dominant phenotype.
Testcross= a mating between an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that is HOMOZYGOS RECESSIVE. –> Look at offspring to determine parent genotype
Example: Labrador Retriever
B= black fur
b= chocolate brown fur
Black lab X chocolate lab
B___ X bb

35. Test Cross Example
In humans, long eyelashes is (E) is dominant over short eyelashes (e).
A man with long eyelashes marries a woman with short eyelashes and they have three children, two of whom have long eyelashes and one of whom has short eyelashes.
Draw the Punnett squares that illustrates this marriage. What is the man’s genotype? What are the genotypes of the children?

36. Dihybrid Crosses. A cross between. individuals that
Dihybrid Crosses A cross between individuals that involves TWO pairs of contrasting traits

38. Parents: _GGBB______ x ____ggRR_____
#15
Parents: _GGBB______ x ____ggRR_____ GB GB GB GB
GgBR gR gR gR gR

39. Parents: _GgRB______ x ____GgRB_____
#16
Parents: _GgRB______ x ____GgRB_____ GB gR gB GR
GGRR
GGRB
GgRR
GgRB
GGBB
GgBB
ggRR
ggRB
ggBB GR GB gR gB

40. Parents: _____________ x _____________

41. Patterns of inheritance

42. One allele can completely hide the other (Mendel traits)
1. Complete Dominance
One allele can completely hide the other (Mendel traits)

43. Flower Color in Snapdragon
2. Incomplete Dominance
Flower Color in Snapdragon
=both alleles
influence
the phenotype
(blending)

44. Incomplete dominance in humans

45. Complete Pedigree Practice Sheet from front table
Do Now #9 12/8/16
Complete Pedigree Practice Sheet from front table

46. (both traits are seen—spotting)
Codominance
neither
alleles totally
masks the other
(both traits are seen—spotting)
RR = red hair
rr = white hair
Rr = roan (red AND white hairs present)

47. Codominance and multiple alleles

48. Most common blood type

49. Have class notes and handouts out and ready for Quiz
Do Now # /9/16
Have class notes and handouts out and ready for Quiz

50. One trait is controlled by multiple genes
4. Polygenetic
One trait is controlled by multiple genes
Examples:
Height,
skin color

51. 5. Pleiotropy One gene affects multiple traits
--In humans these usually present themselves with disease.
Example: sickle cell disease