1. Reading FOR UNDERSTANDING, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
Imagery

2. What it’s Not! Imagery does not mean ‘descriptive writing’ eg
Down on the level, its pink walls, and straggling roses, and green-painted rain barrel hidden by a thick dusty planting of spruce and larch, was Fin- me-oot Cottage, where house martins flocked to nest in summer, and small birds found plenteous food on the bird tables. . .

3. What Imagery Is
Technically it is mainly concerned with three ‘figures of speech’
Simile
Metaphor
Personification

4. 1. Simile Signified by the use of like or as…as. For example:
The messenger ran like the wind
The poppies were as red as blood
Easy to recognise –trickier to explain

5. The messenger ran like the wind
It is not enough to say ‘the messenger ran very fast’ because this just gives you the meaning (denotation) when you will be asked about its effect
A better beginning would be:
The simile (quote it) gives the impression of speed because the wind is fast
But this will still not explain why the writer specifically chose ‘wind’ so…

6. … an even better answer
The simile (quote it) gives the impression of speed because the wind is seen as a powerful force which reaches great speeds. It might also suggest that the runner was so fast that he was creating turbulence like the wind.
N.B. it’s DENOTATION plus CONNOTATION

7. Why is this simile effective?
the poppies were as red as blood
Answer

8. Why is this simile effective?
the poppies were as red as blood
Answer
This simile is effective because it tries to communicate the intensity of the red colour of the poppies. The word ‘blood’ suggests not just colour, but the richness of the flower’s tone.

9. NOW ITS YOUR TURN Why are these similes effective?
Her blonde hair cascades like a waterfall…
Bargain hunters swarm around the sale table like bees round nectar…
The wind howled like tortured souls…
Why are these similes effective?

10. Metaphor
The metaphor is probably the most powerful device in the English language
Metaphor says something is something – the woman is a lion – not literally of course
The attributes of the lion and the woman are shared. The connotations of a lion reflect the qualities of the woman
Think about the difference if the woman had been compared to a kitten

11. Why use a metaphor?
Good metaphors contain a lot of information that can be transferred economically to the reader
Think about the connotations of this metaphor and what conveys to you about the umbrellas: As the wind strengthened the men clung on to the big, black birds of their umbrellas. Few words but lots of ideas.

12. So . . .
To work with a metaphor your need to:
Identify the metaphor – but you get no marks for that on its own.
Show how the connotations of the metaphor help to develop or refine your idea of what is being described.
Show the link between the connotations which you have chosen and the literal meanings of the words used in the metaphor

13. Example 1
Too many tourists are so wedded to to their camera that they cease to respond directly to the places of beauty they visit. They are content to take home a dozen rolls of exposed film instead, like a bank full of monopoly money.
Show how the metaphor highlights the writer’s disapproval of the tourists

14. So how do we apply this formula?
The metaphor is ‘wedded’ (0 marks)
The denotation of ‘wedded’ is being in a permanent relationship as a result of being married, dependency, closeness, exclusivity
All of which have the effect (connotation) of illustrating how completely indispensable and consuming the camera is to the tourist as if they are married.

15. Just as so
Just as ‘wedded’ has connotations of being in a permanent relationship and inseparable, so does the tourist and the camera share similar traits. Each have a dependency and closeness, and suggest how indispensible and consuming the camera is to the tourist as if they are married.

16. Summary (metaphor) Identify or quote the metaphor
2. Show how the literal and figurative come together to create an effect
3. Say what the effect is

17. Try these… The men clung to their big black birds of umbrellas…
The wind howled through the skeletal trees
Its verges were moss laden blankets that dripped leaf mould into the slow brown water.

18. Personification Personification is a sub-set of metaphor
Some thing or an animal is given human attributes
Analyse it in the same way as a metaphor
Consider ‘the sky wept’

19. The sky wept…