1. Science Vocabulary Review
True/False and Fill in the Blank

2. Plate Tectonics 1. Earth’s plates meet at boundaries. True
2. Breaks in the crust called faults form where plates meet.
3. Plates slide past each other at convergent boundaries.
False – transform boundaries
4. A(n) rift valley forms where plates diverge on land.
5. Ocean currents drive Earth’s plates.
False – convection currents
6. Most transform boundaries where plates move apart occur along the mid-ocean ridges.
False – divergent boundaries

3. Plate Tectonics
Sonar is a device that scientists use to map the ocean floor.
True
A deep-ocean trench is an underwater mountain.
False - canyon
Molten material erupts inside the central valley of mid-ocean ridges.
The farther from a mid-ocean ridge a rock sample is taken, the younger the rock is.
False - older
Sea-floor spreading occurs at mid-ocean ridges.
The pattern of magnetic stripes in rocks on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is the same.

4. Plate Tectonics
A canyon on the ocean floor at which the crust bends downward is called a(n)
Deep-Ocean Trench
The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called
Sea Floor Spreading
The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is known as
Subduction
A chain of underwater mountains along which sea-floor spreading occurs is a(n)
Mid-Ocean Ridge

5. Plate Tectonics At a(n) , plates come together. Convergent boundary
Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called .
faults
The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called .
plates
A(n) is a deep valley on land that forms along a divergent boundary.
Rift valley
The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant, slow motion is called .
Plate tectonics
At a(n) ___, plates slip past each other.
Transform boundary
Plates move apart along a ______.
Divergent boundary

6. Plate Tectonics 1. Earth’s plates meet at boundaries. True
2. Breaks in the crust called faults form where plates meet.
3. Plates slide past each other at convergent boundaries.
False – Transform boundaries
4. A(n) rift valley forms where plates diverge on land.
5. Ocean currents drive Earth’s plates.
False - Convection
6. Most transform boundaries where plates move apart occur along the mid-ocean ridges.
False – Divergent boundaries

7. Rocks and Minerals
formed from materials that were not a part of living things
inorganic
the property of splitting easily along flat surfaces
cleavage
how a mineral breaks apart in an irregular way
fracture
the repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles in a solid
crystal
the color of a mineral’s powder
streak
a ranking of minerals from softest to hardest
Mohs Hardness Scale

8. Rocks and Minerals A mineral’s streak is the color of its ___ . powder
Quartz, gold, and calcite are examples of ___ , but coal is not.
minerals
Geologists use the test to determine the hardness of a mineral.
scratch
The repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles forms a solid called a(n) .
crystal

9. Rocks and Minerals
is a dark-colored rock with a relatively low silica content.
basalt
The look and feel of a rock’s surface is its __ .
texture
The particles of minerals or other rocks that make up a rock are called .
grains
is generally a light-colored rock with a high silica content.
granite
rock forms when rock particles get pressed and cemented together.
sedimentary
rock forms when a rock is changed by heat or pressure.
metamorphic
rock forms when magma or lava cools and hardens.
igneous

10. Rocks and Minerals
Color alone does not provide enough information to identify a rock.
True
To study a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s mineral composition, color, and temperature.
False - texture
The way in which each of the three major groups of rocks forms is different.
A rock’s pigments give the rock its texture.
Grains
Rocks that have large grains you can easily see are described as fine grained.
False – coarse grained
Rocks that are non-banded have grains that lie in a pattern of flat layers or form swirls.
 False - banded

11. Rocks and Minerals
The series of processes that that slowly change Earth’s rocks from one kind to another is called the rock .
cycle
Plate movements help drive the rock cycle by helping to form ___,the source of igneous rocks.
magma
Deep beneath the surface, and pressure can change sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock.
heat
Through the process of, metamorphic rock can become magma.
melting
Sediment piles up on the ocean floor through the process of __ .
weathering

12. Rocks and Minerals
The process that breaks down granite into sediment is deposition.
False - weathering
There are many pathways by which rocks move through the rock cycle.
True
As rock moves through the rock cycle, material is not lost or gained.
Forces of the rock cycle operate inside Earth not at Earth’s surface.
False - and
The collision of continental plates can push up a mountain range, after which weathering and erosion begin.

13. Describing Earth a dark rock with fine grains basalt
the force pressing on an area
pressure
the layer made up of molten iron and nickel
Outer core
a rock with light color and coarse grains
granite
Earth’s outer skin of rock
crust
a layer of hot, solid rock below the crust
mantle
a dense ball of solid iron and nickel
Inner core

14. Describing Earth Earth’s core is mostly made up of iron and magnesium.
False - nickel
Scientists think that movements in the liquid inner core create Earth’s magnetic field.
False - outer
The oceanic crust is most like granite in composition overall.
False - basalt
Pressure and temperature increase as you move deeper below Earth’s surface.
True
To learn about Earth’s interior, geologists study how seismic waves move through Earth.
The core is Earth’s outer skin of solid rock.
False - Crust

15. Describing Earth
The change in elevation from one contour line to the next is called the .
Contour interval
are lines on a map labeled with the elevation.
Index contours
A(n) connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map.
Contour line
A(n) map shows the surface features of an area.
topographic

16. Describing Earth
V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill indicate a valley.
True
Index contours are darker and heaver than other contour lines.
The change in elevation from one contour line to the next is the contour projection.
False - interval
A stream in a valley flows away from the open end of the V formed by contour lines.
False - toward
Satellite maps include contour lines that show relief.
False - Topographic

17. Describing Earth
The contour , such as 200 feet, is always the same for a given map.
interval
Mapmakers use contour lines to show elevation, relief, and .
Slope
Widely spaced contour lines indicate relatively areas.
flat
V-shaped contour lines pointing downhill indicate a(n) .
Ridge line
A contour __ connects points that have the same elevation.
line

18. Volcanoes What is the difference between magma and lava?
Define each of these terms in your own words.
a. volcano
b. Ring of Fire
c. island arc
d. hot spot

19. Volcanoes
Volcanoes form along the mid-ocean ridges, where two plates move together.
False - Diverge
Not all volcanoes form along plate boundaries.
True
Magma is molten material from the mantle that has reached Earth’s surface.
False - Lava
Yellowstone National Park marks the location of a huge island arc.
False – Hot Spot

20. Volcanoes
An area where material from deep within Earth’s mantle rises to the crust and melts to form magma is called a(n) .
Hot Spot
______is an underground molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle.
Magma
Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of Earth’s .
plates
Japan and New Zealand are examples of strings of volcanic islands known as __ .
Island arcs
A volcano is a(n) __ that forms in Earth’s crust when molten material reaches the surface.
mountain
The Ring of Fire is a major belt of ____ .
volcanoes