Download presentation
1
APUSH: Chapter 17 Industrial Supremacy
2
Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most Americans, but at what cost? 17-1 Sources of Industrial Growth pp 17-2 Capitalism and Its Critics pp 17-3 Industrial Workers in the New Economy pp
3
Causes of Rapid Industrialization
Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: First big business in the US. A magnet for financial investment. The key to opening the West. Aided the development of other industries.
4
Sources of Industrial Growth
Raw materials Large labor supply Technological innovation Entrepreneurs Fed govt to assist growth of business Domestic markets
5
Industrial Technologies
New steel production techniques → Bessemer process → turned iron into steel Pittsburg becomes center of steel production → iron ore and coal deposits Great lakes region Steam freighters Railroad industry Industrial Technologies
6
Rise of the Petroleum Industry
Oil → first used as a lubricant → later as fuel Western Pennsylvania Edwin Drake at Titusville, PA → first oil well
7
The Airplane and the Automobile
Dev. of Automobile: Creation of gasoline Internal combustion engine Duryea brothers 1893 Henry Ford 1898 By 1917 → five millions → major industry Human flight: Wilbur and Orville Wright → bike shop → glider + engine 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC → 120 feet in 12 seconds 1904 → 23 mile flight France led the way World War I 1920’s → Charles Lindbergh
8
Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!
9
Henry Ford : Assembly Line 1913
10
“Model T” Prices & Sales
11
The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright
Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903
12
Kitty Hawk and the Wrights
13
Research and Development
Edison and the creation of the first industrial research lab → Menlo Park, NJ 1876 → “The Wizard of Menlo Park” Corporate research and development labs General Electric 1900 University faculty and labs receive funding from corporations for research
14
U. S. Patents Granted 1790s 276 patents issued.
15
The Science of Production
“scientific management” → “Taylorism” Subdividing tasks Speed up production Make workers interchangeable Mass production Moving assembly line → introduced by Henry Ford in his plants in 1914
16
Railroad Expansion Principal form of transportation → where RR’s went so went farming and industry 1860 – 30,000 miles 1900 – 193,000 miles Congress gives away 155 million acres – States add 49 million more
18
First fortune in steamboats Second fortune in consolidating Railroads
Vanderbilt University Cornelius Vanderbilt Advancements in Railroad Technology Steel Rails Standard Track Width Air Brakes (George Westinghouse) Luxury Cars (George Pullman)
19
Meat Barons: refrigerated railcars & meatpacking
Gustavus Swift Philip Armour Chicago → meatpacking industry
20
Development of Time Zones -1883
21
The Corporation Corporations could sell stock to raise money
Limited liability Andrew Carnegie → central figure in the steel industry → controlled from mine to market Sold out to J.P. Morgan → combined it to create United States Steel Corporation → 2/3’s of all steel production Vertical Integration
23
Consolidating Corporate America
John D. Rockefeller → founder of Standard Oil Corporation → ended up controlling access to 90% of all refined oil in U.S. Used both horizontal and vertical integration Consolidation was used to reduce competition Pool arrangements in the RR industry → cartels
24
The Trust and the Holding Company
“trust” → term for a business organization in which individual stockholders transferred their stock to small group of trustees in exchange for shares in the trust “trust” later becomes term for a great economic combination “holding company” = a company created to buy and possess the shares of other companies, which it then controls The Trust and the Holding Company J. Pierpont Morgan → banker/financier
25
U. S. Corporate Mergers
27
Capitalism and Its Critics
Rise of big business produced critics Farmers and workers → it was a threat to republican society in which wealth and power were widely distributed Middle class → it was corrupt and it corrupted local, state, and national politics
28
The “Self-Made Man” Carnegie → bobbin boy Rockefeller → clerk
E.H. Harriman → office boy Ruthlessness, arrogance, and corruption Cartoon showing Cornelius Vanderbilt as “The Modern Colossus of (Rail) Roads” Wm. Vanderbilt → “The public be damned.” Use of political contributions
29
Survival of the Fittest
Social Darwinism → applying Darwin’s ideas to human society → businessmen used it to legitimize their success and confirm their virtues Laissez-faire → the “invisible hand” of market forces → justified the status quo “god gave me my money” – John D. Rockefeller Riches were a reward for worthiness Those who failed or were poor → laziness, stupidity, or carelessness
30
New Business Culture Laissez Faire the ideology of the Industrial Age. Individual as a moral and economic ideal. Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace. The market was not man-made or invented. No room for government in the market!
31
Social Darwinism British economist. Advocate of laissez-faire.
Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans. Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.” Herbert Spencer
32
Social Darwinism in America
Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail. Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile! William Graham Sumner Folkways (1906)
33
The Gospel of Wealth The “gospel of wealth” → it was the duty of the wealthy to their riches to advance social progress Carnegie was the only great industrialist to devote his fortune to philanthropy
34
The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization
Wealth no longer looked upon as bad Viewed as a sign of God’s approval Christian duty to accumulate wealth Should not help the poor Russell H. Conwell → “acres of diamonds”
35
Horatio Alger – “Rags to Riches”
36
New Business Culture: “The American Dream?”
Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??
37
Alternative Visions Lester Frank Ward → state intervention
Henry George → “single tax” idea Looking Backward → novel by Edward Bellamy → trusts combine to form a single trust controlled by the government → distributes the abundance of industrial economy equally →cooperation replaces competition
38
The Problems of Monopoly
Few people opposed capitalism Growing number began to attack monopoly and economic concentration → high prices and econ instability Monopoly threatened competition and the idea of the self made man and advancement Grotesque luxury Standard of living was rising/but gap between rich and poor was increasing
39
Industrial Workers in the New Economy
Growth of industrial capitalism → workers were beneficiaries and victims Rise in the standard of living Arduous and dangerous working conditions Diminishing control over their work Growing sense of powerlessness
40
Immigrant Workforce Growth of the industrial workforce
Movement from rural to urban Immigration → 25 million between ’s → England, Ireland, N. Europe End of the century → southern and eastern Europeans Heightened ethnic tensions w/in the working class
41
Wages and Working Conditions
Low wages Little job security Boom and bust Routine, repetitive tasks 10-12 hr. days, 6 day week Loss of control over work
42
Women and Children at Work
Decreased need for skilled workers in factories → increased use of women and children at lower wages Ineffective child-labor laws
43
Child Labor
44
Child Labor
45
“Galley Labor”
46
The Struggle to Unionize
National Labor Union 1866 → attempt to combine labor unions to create a single national organization → failed Women workers excluded Middle class hostility to unions → “radicals/anarchists” → militant Pennsylvania coal miners the Molly Maguires
47
The Great Railroad Strike
Near hysteria during the railroad strike of 1877 Rail service disrupted, equipment destroyed, riots State militias and federal troops called out First major, national labor conflict Resentment felt by workers Frailty of the union movement
48
The Knights of Labor First national labor org. Welcomed women members
Grew to 700,000 Failed strikes cause it to decline and end
49
Goals of the Knights of Labor
Eight-hour workday. Workers’ cooperatives. Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child and prison labor. Increased circulation of greenbacks. Equal pay for men and women. Safety codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign labor. Abolition of the National Bank.
50
An injury to one is the concern of all!
Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!
51
The AFL 1881 American Federation of Labor → most important and enduring labor group in the country Association of autonomous unions → skilled workers Samuel Gompers Accepted capitalism but wanted greater share for workers → better wages and working conditions
52
Haymarket Square Riot 1886 Strike at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. in Chicago Protest meeting at Haymarket Square Bomb thrown → 7 police killed and 67 injured 8 anarchists were arrested → union action tainted with anarchism
53
Haymarket Martyrs
54
The Homestead Strike Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
Henry Clay Frick and the Homestead plant near Pittsburg Break the union Strike Pinkertons called in → battle → guards and workers killed National guards called → “scabs” employed → strike failed/union broken
55
The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents
56
The Pullman Strike The Pullman Company
Cut wages and refused reduce rents → strike → Eugene Debs and the railroad workers join in → transportation from Chicago to the Pacific paralyzed Federal troops sent to Chicago Court issues an injunction against the strike → strike fails The Pullman Strike Eugene V. Debs
57
Sources of Labor Weakness
Unions represented only a small % of industrial workforce Shifting nature of the workforce → workers moved around Corporate strength → wealth and power
58
The Tournament of Today: A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
