1. Granulocyte macrophage – colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) significantly enhances articular cartilage repair potential by microfracture 
M.-D. Truong, B.H. Choi, Y.J. Kim, M.S. Kim, B.-H. Min 
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 
Volume 25, Issue 8, Pages (August 2017)
DOI: /j.joca
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2. Fig. 1
Histological analysis of repaired tissue in rabbit knee cartilage at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. A. Safranin-O staining of the defect area in the trochlear of femoral cartilage. Experimental groups are the full-thickness cartilage defect alone (control) and the defect treated with intravenous injection of GM-CSF, MFX or both of them (GM-CSF + MFX). ‘Two weeks (low)’ shows low magnification images at 12 weeks. Scale bars = 200 μm. B. Quantitative assessment of repaired cartilage tissue using O'Driscoll score.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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3. Fig. 2
Quantitative analysis of GAGs and hydroxyproline in the repaired cartilage at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. A. Biochemical assays of GAGs contents in the repaired cartilage. B. Biochemical assays of hydroxyproline content in the repaired cartilage.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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4. Fig. 3
Histochemical analyzes of repaired cartilages at 12 weeks. Histological sections were subjected to H&E staining, picro sirius red staining, and immune-staining for type I, type II and type X collagens. Experimental groups are the full-thickness cartilage defect alone (control) and the defect treated with intravenous injection of GM-CSF, MFX or both of them (GM-CSF + MFX). Scale bars = 200 μm.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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5. Fig. 4
The amount of MSCs in the blood drained into the cartilage defect after MFX. GM-CSF was administrated intravenously and MFX was carried out on the cartilage defect area after 10, 20, 45 and 90 min as indicated below. The blood drained out from the bone marrow was collected for colony forming assay-fibroblasts assay. A. The CFU-F assay of samples collected after 20 min of GM-CSF administration. Representative images of CFU-F colonies stained by crystal violet are shown on the top. B. Quantitative data showing the CFU-F frequency in 106 MNCs is presented. C. CFU-F frequency along with the collection time of 0 (no injection), 10, 20, 45 and 90 min after GM-CSF administration.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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6. Fig. 5
The effect of GM-CSF on chondrogenic differentiation of human chondrocytes from the polydactyly excision tissues, human MSCs and human chondrocytes from OA patients. Chondrogenic differentiation was performed in the defined medium alone (control) or in the presence of TGF-β3 (10 ng/ml) or an increasing amount of GM-CSF (0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/ml). Samples were subjected to safranin-O staining after 3 weeks. Scale bars = 500 μm.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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7. Fig. 6
The distribution of GM-CSF after IV-injection. A. The concentration of GM-CSF was measured in the synovial fluid, bone marrow, and peripheral blood (rabbit model) after 20 min of GM-CSF administration (10 μg/kg). B. The concentration of GM-CSF was measured in the peripheral blood (rabbit model) at 0 (Control), 10 min, 20 min, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after IV-injection. C. FPR-675 labeled GM-CSF (BioActs, Incheon, Korea) was administrated intravenously to rats at 0.1 μg/μl and fluorescence images were obtained in the whole body and femurs after 20 min.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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8. Supplementary Fig. 1A
Histological analysis of repaired tissue in rabbit knee cartilage at 4 weeks. Safranin-O staining of the defect area in the trochlear of femoral cartilage. Experimental groups are the full-thickness cartilage defect alone (control) and the defect treated with intravenous injection of GM-CSF (GM-CSF), MFX (MFX) or both of them (GM-CSF + MFX). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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9. Supplementary Fig. 1B
Histological analysis of repaired tissue in rabbit knee cartilage at 8 weeks. Safranin-O staining of the defect area in the trochlear of femoral cartilage. Experimental groups are the full-thickness cartilage defect alone (control) and the defect treated with intravenous injection of GM-CSF (GM-CSF), MFX (MFX) or both of them (GM-CSF + MFX). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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10. Supplementary Fig. 1C
Histological analysis of repaired tissue in rabbit knee cartilage at 12 weeks. Safranin-O staining of the defect area in the trochlear of femoral cartilage. Experimental groups are the full-thickness cartilage defect alone (control) and the defect treated with intravenous injection of GM-CSF (GM-CSF), MFX (MFX) or both of them (GM-CSF + MFX). Scale bars = 1 mm.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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11. Supplementary Fig. 2
The effect of GM-CSF on chondrogenic differentiation of young and adult rabbit chondrocytes, rabbit MSCs. Chondrogenic differentiation was performed in the defined medium alone (control) or in the presence of TGF-β3 (10 ng/ml) or an increasing amount of GM-CSF (0.01, 0.1 and 1 μg/ml). Samples were subjected to safranin-O staining after 3 weeks.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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12. Supplementary Fig. 3
The histological images of lung and bladder were compared between the control group (untreated) and GM-CSF group (at 20 min after IV-injection with GM-CSF). The result showed that there are no abnormal or pathologic signs observed in GM-CSF group. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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13. Supplementary Fig. 4
Representative FACS analysis of SD rat mononuclear cells in bone marrow was observed at 20 min after GM-CSF injection. Comparison of expression in CD29, CD34, CD44, CD49d, CD49e, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106 and CD166 between control group (untreated) and GM-CSF group (at 20 min after IV-injection with GM-CSF). Note that there were no differences in cell characterization in bone marrow between control and GM-CSF groups.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  , DOI: ( /j.joca )
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