1. Selective impairment in glycogen synthase kinase-3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation: comparisons with the hyperandrogenic and the hyperinsulinemic rats 
Yuan Chen, Ph.D., Jie Qiao, M.D., Li-Ying Yan, Ph.D., Shuo Huang, Ph.D., Pan-Lin Zhao, Ph.D., Jie Yan, Ph.D. 
Fertility and Sterility 
Volume 92, Issue 4, Pages (October 2009)
DOI: /j.fertnstert
Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Histologic sections (hematoxylin-eosin staining) of representative ovaries on day 25 of treatment from rats treated with DHEA and insulin + hCG. (A): Ovary from normal cycling 47-day-old rat, showing corpus lutea and follicles at different stages. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B): Ovary from a DHEA-treated rat, showing many cyst follicles with no corpus lutea. Scale bar: 100 μm. (C): A cystic follicle with apoptotic cells (arrow) in granulosa cells bordering the lumen in ovary of DHEA-treated rat. Scale bar: 50 μm. (D): Ovary from normal cycling 108-day-old rat. Scale bar: 100 μm. (E): Ovary from an insulin + hCG–treated rat. ∗∗Cysts. Scale bar: 100 μm. (F): Ovary with cystic follicles possesses interstitial tissue with a stimulated appearance (thin arrows) in an insulin + hCG–treated rat. The cyst wall consists of the luteinized cells (thick arrows). Scale bar: 100 μm.
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Oral glucose tolerance test after DHEA and insulin (Ins) + hCG treatment. (A): Plasma glucose levels of control and DHEA-treated rats during the OGTT. (B): Plasma glucose levels of control and insulin + hCG–treated rats during the OGTT. (C): Area under the curve (AUC) for glucose of insulin + hCG–treated, DHEA-treated, and their control rats during the OGTT. ∗P<.05, DHEA-treated versus DHEA control rats.
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Effects of DHEA and insulin + hCG treatment on insulin-stimulated GSK-3β serine phosphorylation and GSK-3β protein expression in ovarian tissues. (A): Insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of GSK-3β in ovary from DHEA-treated rats, as well as their control rats, was determined by Western blot as described in Materials and Methods. Upper panel: Representative Western blot. Bar graph represents the levels of phosphorylated GSK-3β, normalized to the total amount of GSK-3β protein. (B): Insulin-stimulated serine phosphorylation of GSK-3β in ovary from insulin + hCG–treated rats, as well as their control rats, was determined by Western blot as described in Materials and Methods. Upper panel: Representative Western blot. Bar graph represents the levels of phosphorylated GSK-3β, normalized to the total amount of GSK-3β protein. Bars represent mean ± SEM from six rats in each group. ∗P<.01, insulin-stimulated DHEA control versus insulin-stimulated DHEA-treated rats; #P<.01, insulin + hCG–treated versus their control rats; $P<.01, insulin-stimulated insulin + hCG control versus insulin-stimulated insulin + hCG–treated rats.
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Effects of DHEA and insulin + hCG treatment on insulin-stimulated ERK1/2 tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK1/2 protein expression in ovarian tissues. (A): Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in ovary from DHEA-treated rats, as well as their control rats, was determined by Western blot as described in Materials and Methods. Upper panel: Representative Western blot. Bar graph represents the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, normalized to the total amount of ERK1/2 protein. (B): Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in ovary from insulin + hCG–treated rats, as well as their control rats, was determined by Western blot as described in Materials and Methods. Upper panel: Representative Western blot. Bar graph represents the levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2, normalized to the total amount of ERK1/2 protein. Bars represent mean ± SEM from six rats in each group. ∗P<.01, DHEA control versus DHEA-treated rats; #P<.05, insulin-stimulated DHEA control versus insulin-stimulated DHEA-treated rats.
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2009 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions