1. Historian John Fiske, 1888

3. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783
Articles of
Confederation
Government:
1776,

4. Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation.
Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

5. Make sure if you write this essay DO NOT include:
Foreign relations
Britain ends Salutary Neglect, May include, Treaty of Paris 1783 & French Alliance of 1778
Economic conditions
Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Duties, Tea Act, No Taxation w/o Representation
Western Lands
Proc 1763

6. Weaknesses in the structure of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
(Could only ask states for tax money or soldiers.)
No executive or judicial branches.
Could not regulate trade between states

7. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

8. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799
Foreign Affairs
British did not evacuate forts in the west, like promised in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, supplied Indians and encouraged them to raid frontier settlements.

9. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796
Spain tried to monopolize access to the Mississippi River
Proposed (never ratified) Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1786), secured trading rights with Spain for northeastern merchants while recognizing Spain’s supremacy on the Mississippi.
2 nations prevented US from exercising control over ½ territory
France cut off trade, demands $
(AoC did win the Rev War)

10. State Claims to Western Lands Northwest Ordinance of 1785
Major accomplishments:
Convinced states to give up their claims to Western lands and made process for new states to enter the nation when had 60,000 people in the territory
Western NC
Free Republic of Franklin- Nolichunky Jack Sevier
NC ceded it away to the Cont Congress so as not to pay to protect the frontier
Not like independent Republic on their border and tried to reclaim it
Voted 7/13 vote yes, not enough to admit 9/13 needed
Almost signed treaty with Spain
Ben knew nothing of the area
Mediate- NC wins
Sevier arrested
Tennessee 1st gov
"disunited states"
(as the Tories liked to call them)

11. Northwest Territory

12. Abolished slavery in the territory
Sold land in small, democratic parcels, yet many land speculators bought large tracts of land
Funded public schools
Land sells helped pay for the national debt

13. Economy in the 1780’s, Major Depression
    1.    Huge national and state debts were left from the Revolution.
    2.    Excessive use of credit to purchase consumer goods after the war (especially debts to British merchants.
    3.    Lack of currency        
4.    Farmers demanded laws to help their plight – and at times acted violently (e.g. Shays’ Rebellion)        
5.    Runaway inflation was ruinous to many citizens        
6.    British companies flooded America with goods at very low prices.
7. States taxed each others imports!

15. 1779 South Carolina Continental currency
By the time these notes were printed, their real value was only 10 percent of their face value.

17. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

18. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

19. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes, close down court houses to prevent foreclosures
The nominal leader of the movement was Daniel Shays, 39, a farmer who had served at the Battle of Lexington, been distinguished for his gallantry at the Battle of Bunker Hill and seen action at the crucial Battle of Saratoga in 1770 and at Stony Point. Now, somewhat reluctantly, he was commanding insurgent actions at Springfield, and before long the name of Captain Shays became a battlecry for as many as nine thousand rebellious farmers throughout the disaffected areas of New England.
Shays's followers had no uniforms except for the coats and hats that some had worn as Revolutionary soldiers. They identified themselves by wearing a sprig of hemlock (evergreen) in their hats

20. Propertied class feared that the Revolution had created a "mobocracy."
Debtors demanded cheap paper currency, lower taxes, & suspension of mortgage foreclosures
Marched to Springfield where state's Supreme Court was in session and where the arsenal was kept.
Wealthy New Englanders provided money for a large militia in the region.
Propertied class feared that the Revolution had created a "mobocracy."
Shays was later granted a pension by the federal government for the five years he served in the Continental Army without pay. Shays lived the last few years of his life in poverty, a heavy drinker. He supported himself on his pension and by working a small parcel of land
Sword given to him by lafeyette sold for money
He was involved in theBoston campaign, and fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill.[2] He also fought in theBattle of Lexington and the Battle of Saratoga. He was wounded during the war and resigned from the military, unpaid, in Upon returning home, he discovered he was summoned to court for unpaid debts, which he still could not pay because he was not paid for military service.[3]
In 1780, Shays was presented with an ornamental sword by General Lafayette, in honor of his military service. Shays later sold the sword for a few dollars to pay off his debts—an act which was frowned upon by his peers

21. Shays’ Rebellion:
"A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government. God forbid that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion.“
“The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots & tyrants. It is it's natural manure.”
Thomas Jefferson

22. Shays’ Rebellion led to the Constitution
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington
By the year 1786, the "disunited states" (as the Tories liked to call them) had achieved political independence -- but the eastern states seemed on the verge of collapse as the flames of civil war menaced New England.
The American revolution, it seemed, had almost gone too far. General George Washington wrote:
"I am mortified beyond expression when I view the clouds that have spread over the brightest morn that ever dawned in any country... What a triumph for the advocates of despotism, to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal and fallacious."
Add: Cause and effect:
Shays’ Rebellion led to the Constitution

23. Review Rebellions
As a class, please name as many rebellions as from this year that we have covered?
Do you notice any common themes to any of them?
Group them in categories

24. East- West (frontier) divide Rich v. Poor # 1 most common
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
Leisler’s Rebellion, 1691
Paxton Boys, 1763
Regulator Movement, 1770’s
Shays’ Rebellion,
Indian frontier ones: Pueblo, Pontiac, Paxton, Bacon
Slavery: Stono

25. Shays’ Rebellion= Anarchy

26. Annapolis Convention (1786)
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

27. Previous attempts at Unity
Years
Attempts at
Participants
New England Confederation (united to protect from Indians)
4 colonies
Dominion of New England (forced on the colonies to impose the Navigation Acts)
7 colonies
1754
Albany Congress (failed)
1765
Stamp Act Congress
9 colonies
Committees of Correspondence
13 colonies
1774
First Continental Congress (adopted The Association)
12 colonies
Second Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation
13 states
1789-Present
Federal Constitution
1860
Confederate Secession
11 States

28. Do Articles of Confederation Handout, page 48
What categories are you going to develop?

29. Articles of Confederation Handout suggestions:
Foreign Affairs F L Q R S T
Poor Domestic Economy E G I J N
Weak Federal Gov. Structure A C D O
I & N
Western Lands B F H M P

30. To what extent was the US Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation?

31. James Madison: Father of the Constitution- writes the “rough draft,’ the Virginia Plan

32. Virginia vs. New Jersey Plans
This deals with the Virginia and New Jersey Plan, as well as with the three fifths compromise.

33. Slide show not in notes (next 4 or so)but helps explain Great Compromise better

34. • It provided for a bicameral Congress.
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
- It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state.
- Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches.
- It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote.
Great Compromise
• It provided for a bicameral Congress.
A. House of Representatives – each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the VA Plan)
B. Senate – each state has 2 Senators (satisfied the NJ Plan)
* Both houses of Congress must pass every law.

36. Questions
Q. If there were 2 million people in South Carolina and 1 million were slaves and 1 million were free, then what was their population for representation and tax purposes?

37. Answers 1,600,000 people because 1 million free plus 600,000 enslaved.
(3/5 * 1,000,000 = 600,000)

38. Questions
Q. For representation purposes, would a person from South Carolina who wants to have the most power possible for their state, would they want their to be a 0/5, 3/5, or 5/5 clause in the Constitution?

39. Answers
5/5 clause because those who did vote would be even more powerful (Would want a 0/5 clause for taxation)

40. Questions
Q. If there were 1 million slaves in South Carolina, then how many slaves could vote because of the 3/5 clause?

41. Answers
0, because slaves cannot vote, their vote does not count for 3/5 of a vote or anything like that. States got to decide who voted and they did not let slaves vote.

44. Structure of the Constitution Mother always taught us to share
Federalism is the division of power between the national government and the state governments.
Much like administration and individual classroom teachers here at school.
Administration makes up certain rules we must follow, but we have the power to make up our own rules policies as long as they do not conflict.

45. Separation of Powers

47. Number 11 of the reading questions this also checks and balances.

48. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds
Ratification debate:
Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds

49. Federalist Papers (85 in all)- Argue that the state of NY should adopt the Constitution

50. Promise of a Bill of Rights persuades many Anti-Federalists to support the Constitution

51. How democratic was the Constitution?

52. Conservative safeguards
.          1. Purpose was to check the excesses of the "mob"             -- Convention delegates were unanimous in believing that manhood-suffrage democracy was dangerous         2. Safeguards:             a. Federal judges were appointed for life             b. President was elected indirectly by the Electoral College             c. Senators chosen indirectly by state legislatures         3. Only House of Representatives permitted to choose officials by direct vote of qualified (propertied white male) citizens.

53. Beard Thesis
Historian Charles Beard wrote in 1913 that the Constitution was written not to ensure a democratic government for the people, but to protect the economic interests of its writers
Benefited wealthy financial speculators who had purchased Revolutionary War government bonds
"They were well-bred, well-fed, well-read, and well-wed."

55. If you want to know more about the Beard Thesis read pages 48
Let skim, not enough time to read it all in class

56. Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation.
Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

57. Read chart on page 18, fill out outline on page 57 on a separate sheet of paper

58. Economically, the centralization of the power to the national government to regulate the economy was a significant reform.
Power to levy taxes
Commerce clause- regulate trade
Exclusive power to coin money
Can still tax imports, cannot tax exports
Beard Thesis argues this was the Founding Father’s main motivation-
Hamilton’s Financial Program: BUS, Excise tax whiskey, funding national debt at par, assuming state debts, tariff
The shift to a bicameral legislature was a significant reactionary change back to the British model.
AoC- Unicameral, 1 vote per state, 9/13 to pass laws
Constitution, bicameral, Senate and House, simple majority to pass laws
Return to the British bicameral legislature: House of Lords and Commons, very similar lower house directly elected, upper house appointed
The Constitution fundamentally changed the location of sovereignty by centralizing power from the states to the national government.
Supremacy Clause
Federalism, not an unitary system, or a confederation
States still relevant, but share power, with the central government supreme
Compare Shays’ Rebellion to Whiskey Rebellion in the growth of federal power

59. Was the Revolution a revolution? No (1) or Yes (9)3 7 9 5 I I I I I
________________________________________
Revisionists
(radicals & liberals)
Moderates
Traditional
(Conservatives)
In-between NO
YES

60. Plus, this will be our debate topic too!
Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
Plus, this will be our debate topic too!

61. How revolutionary was the Revolution?
Revolution (n.):
A total, radical change, a fundamental change in political organization

62. Think of
categories!

63. The effects of the Revolution
Slavery
Rise of anti-slavery societies in all the northern states (plus Virginia)
Quakers the first to found such societies.
Slavery eradicated in most northern states by 1800
Slavery not allowed above Ohio River in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Slave trade to be abolished in 1808 according to Constitution, yet 3/5 clause
Thousands of southern slaves freed after the Revolution

65. Women
Republican Motherhood- Need to become educated to raise good citizens, leads to increased schooling & literacy rates
Courts allow more liberal divorce laws
Limited gains

68. Attack on aristocracy Ended primogeniture
Ended entail: (Estates could not be sold off in pieces; guaranteed large landholdings to a family and meant less land available for purchase to the public. )
Attacked Cincinnati Society
Loyalist leave

73. Separation of Church & State
Anglican Church replaced by a disestablished Episcopal Church in much of the South.
Thomas Jefferson introduces legislation to produce separation of Church & State in Virginia, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779),
Congregational churches in New England slower to disestablish
(Connecticut in 1818, Massachusetts in 1833)

76. Jefferson’s Quotes on Religion
Subject opinion to coercion: whom will you make your inquisitors? Fallible men; men governed by bad passions, by private as well as public reasons. And why subject it to coercion? To produce uniformity. But is uniformity of opinion desirable?
-- Thomas Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, 1782
Millions of innocent men, women, and children, since the introduction of Christianity, have been burnt, tortured, fined, and imprisoned; yet we have not advanced one inch toward uniformity. What has been the effect of coercion? To make one-half the world fools and the other half hypocrites. To support roguery and error all over the earth. -- Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia,

77. No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. -- Thomas Jefferson, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1779),
Reason and free inquiry are the only effectual agents against error. Give a loose to them, they will support the true religion by bringing every false one to their tribunal, to the test of their investigation. They are the natural enemies of error only… It is error alone which needs the support of government. Truth can stand by itself.
-- Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia,

78. "Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between Church & State." –Jefferson, Danbury Baptists Letters

79. NO YES 1 3 7 9 5 I I I I I In-between
Was the Revolution a revolution? No (1) or Yes (9) Was it instead a coup d'état, a rebellion, a reform movement, a civil war, or a war for independence instead? Write your name and a number on your card. 1 3 7 9 5 I I I I I
________________________________________
Revisionists
(radicals & liberals)
Moderates
Traditional
(Conservatives)
In-between NO
YES

80. Was it a Revolution? Yes No Eden Zack Sam Emily Peter Dylan Tori Bobby
Leah
Justyn
Zane
Brendan
Rachel
Stacey
Gianna
Zack
Emily
Dylan
Bobby
Marissa
Noah
Caitlin
Kaitlyn
Pablo
Madison
Lillian

81. Was it a Revolution? Yes No Aidan Jakob Isabell Layne Kira Mark
Caroline
Christopher
Smyrna
Devyn
Jenna
Jakob
Layne
Mark
Josie
Nia
Ben
Kai
Kaley

82. Was it a Revolution? Yes No Eden Zack Sam Emily Peter Dylan Tori Bobby
Leah
Justyn
Zane
Brendan
Rachel
Stacey
Gianna
Zack
Emily
Dylan
Bobby
Marissa
Noah
Caitlin
Kaitlyn
Pablo
Madison
Lillian

83. The End

85. ID Quiz- Articles of Confederation
Write a paragraph identifying (who, what, when, where, why, how) the term
Write a paragraph explaining its significance to the larger picture of American History
What are its long term effects, what bigger issues does it connect to, why is it important, how does it change the course of history, why is it significant?
Write 2 separate paragraphs, indent and skip lines
Please write /6 to the left of your ID paragraph, /4 to the left of your significance paragraph, and /10 next to your name.

86. Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

87. Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.
The French and Indian War marked a dramatic turning point in British imperial policy primarily because they ended the policy of salutary neglect, began to tax the colonies, and stationed military forces in the colonies

89.
Dates skip

92. Compromise to Conflict
Connecticut/Great Compromise- mix both plans, have two houses, the upper based on statehood, the lower based on population
3/5th Compromise- Slaves count as 3/5 of a person for determining population
Questions:
SC has 1 million free people and 1 million slaves. How many people would be counted for representation purposes?
Would a large slave holder from SC want a 5/5 clause or a 0/5 clause for representation purposes?
Slave Trade Compromise- : Will be allowed to make it illegal to buy slaves from around the world in 20 years, 1808
Executive Compromise- will have a Presidential term limited to 4 years, yet will be elected by the electoral college
See handout on page 38 for more details
The picture is of Roger Sherman.
Roger Sherman

94. Now read essay answers pages 27 -32
Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following:
Foreign relations
Economic conditions
Western Lands

95. Constitutional Convention (Philadelphia, 1787)
- George Washington was elected president of the Convention.
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
- It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state.
- Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches.
- It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote.