1. Observation Gather Information Hypothesis Experiment Conclusion
Scientific Method
Observation
Gather Information
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion

2. What is an Observation? Definition: Using senses to gather information
Observations lead to questions
“what is the effect of …on …?”

3. Two types of Observations
1. Qualitative:
Using your senses to describe something
Ex: Mrs. Peddie has Brown hair
2. Quantitative:
Using tools to take a numerical measurement
Ex: Mrs. Peddie is 5 ft 2 in.

4. Hypothesis Predicts the answer to a question
Hypotheses are based on---
Past Experience
Observations
Research

5. The format for writing a hypothesis
“IF THEN . . .because….”
Example : IF I exercise, THEN my heart rate will increase BECAUSE heart rate is dependent upon activity levels.

6. What is an Experiment Experiments test your hypothesis
The experiment tests ONE VARIABLE
(variable is a factor that changes)
EX: = increasing or decreasing your exercise level
Experiments need a CONTROL GROUP
(control group is something to compare results to)
EX: = your heart rate at rest.
Constants: the parts of the lab that must remain the same
EX: = temperature, type of exercise, time

7. Types of Variables Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:
Variable that is manipulated (changed) during the experiment.
Example: rest, stand, walk, run
Dependent Variable:
Is the data collected through observation and measurement
Example: heart rate

8. Conclusion: Analysis States if the experiment support the hypothesis?
…Paragraph explaining your results and discussing these questions.
If you did the experiment again, what would you do differently?
What did you learn?
Possible Errors

9. Theory Theory = hypothesis supported by many experiments over time
Examples of theories:
Gravity or Evolution

10. Making Conversions

11. How to Create Bar and Line Graphs

12. Draw the Axes

13. Identify the Axes
Y- Axis
X- Axis

14. Identify the Axes Y- Axis X- Axis Dependent Variable
(what is observed and measured)
X- Axis
Independent Variable
(what is changed by the scientist)

15. DRY MIX
One way to remember which data goes on which axis is the acronym DRY MIX.
D.R.Y M.I.X.
D- Dependent M-Manipulated
R- Responding I- Independent
Y- Y-axis X- X-axis

16. Write an appropriate title for the graph at the top.
The title should contain both the independent and dependent variables.
Example: How Temperature Affects The Respiration Rate of Goldfish

17. Scale
The min and max numbers used on each axis. (Does not have to begin at zero).
The min and max numbers used should be a little lower than the lowest value and a little higher than the highest value.
Chose a scale that will take up most of the graph paper
This allows you to have a smaller range which emphasizes the comparisons/trends in the data.

18. The Best Scale
Graph #1
The Y-axis scale is from but the largest value is only 35.
Graph #2
The Y-axis scale is now from 0-40.
---2nd Graph does a better job emphasizing the comparisons between coins.

19. Steps to Find Scale
Find the range of the data for the Y Axis (67-32= 35)
Count number of lines/boxes on axes (40)
Divide the range number by the number of boxes (35÷40=.875) round to 1 to make easier
Each box will be worth 1 points
Repeat for the X Axis (6/40=0.15) round to .20 to make easier
Each box is worth less than a quiz , 5 box =1 quiz
Each fifth line should be labeled with 1 quiz
Teacher Notes: At step three as ask the students if there is another way to do this/ solve for the range of Y (Quiz Scores)

20. But How Do I Round? When doing your scale you often have round up
You can never round down
Make sure to round to next number that can give you an easy interval at some point
Practice with these #’s
.17, .23, .70, .85, 1.3, 1.8
.20, .25, .75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0

22. Intervals
Look at your minimum and maximum values you set up for both the Y and X-axis. (For most bar graphs, the X-axis will not have numerical values.)
Decide on an appropriate interval for the scale you have chosen. The interval is the amount between one value and the next.
It is highly recommended to use a common number for an interval such as 2, 5, 10, 25, 100, etc.
Intervals are specific to the data and will change based on the data

23. Intervals The interval for the Y-axis is 8
The X-axis does not have numerical data and does not need an interval.

24. Labels
Both axes need labels so we know exactly what the independent and dependent variables are.
The dependent variable must be specific and include the units used to measure the data (such as “number of drops”).
DV label
IV label

25. Labels
DV label
IV label

26. TAILS T.A.I.L.S. Scale Title Axis
Another handy acronym to help you remember everything you need to create your graphs…..
T.A.I.L.S.
Title
Axis
Interval
Labels
Scale

27. TAILS Title: Includes both variables
Axis: IV on X-axis and DV on Y-axis
Interval: The interval (4) is appropriate for this scale.
Label: Both axes are labeled.
Scale: Min and max values are appropriate.

28. Bar Graphs vs Line Graphs

29. Bar Graphs Bar graphs are descriptive.
They compare groups of data such as amounts and categories.
They help us make generalizations and see differences in the data.

30. Line Graphs
Line graphs show a relationship between the two variables. They show how/if the IV affects the DV.
Many times, the IV plotted on the X-axis is time.
They are useful for showing trends in data and for making predictions.
Can be used to compare multiple sets of data, using different lines within the same graph

31. Example

32. Multiple Sets of Data
When graphing multiple data sets on the graph, use a distinctive color of pen, or style of line, for each data set.
Place an example of the color or line style off to the side of the graph (Key)
Label it with the name of the information being displayed. For example: Seedlings

34. CONPTT
Science or Pseudoscience

35. Six Criteria of Science : Consistent, Observable, Natural, Predictable, Testable, Tentative.

36. Consistency : The results of observations and/or experiments are reasonably the same when repeated.
Green plants will grow towards a light source.
Walking under a ladder will cause bad luck.

37. Observability : The event or evidence of the event, can be observed and explained. The observations are limited to the basic human senses or to extensions of the senses.
Some plants eat meat.
Extraterrestrial beings have visited Earth.

38. Natural : A natural cause (mechanism) must be used to explain why or how the event happens.
1. Green plants convert sunlight into energy.
2. With a rod, Moses parted the sea so his people could cross to the other side..

39. Predictability : Specific predictions can be used to foretell an event
Predictability : Specific predictions can be used to foretell an event. Each prediction can be tested to determine if the prediction is valid or invalid.
Without sunlight green plants will die.
Scorpio", your horoscope says"You'll be saying 'I feel rich !' Lunar position highlights back pay, refunds, correction of accounting error."

40. Testability : the event must be testable through the processes of science, and controlled experimentation.
The Bermuda Triangle causes ships and planes to sink and disappear.
Life comes from life and cannot come from non-life.

41. Tentativeness : Scientific theories are changeable/correctable, even to the point of the theory being proven wrong.
Pluto was once a planet but due to it’s orbits, is now considered a dwarf planet.
We know that the world began about 6000 years ago, and nothing will change that.

42. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Evolution= Gradual change over time

43. Adaptation
Adaptations are inherited traits that increase a group’s chance of
survival & reproduction
This type of finch has a thick beak  adaptation for cracking open seeds

44. Variation Within a species, there is variation
Variation = differences between members of a population
Species = group that can breed & produce healthy offspring

45. The Scientists
Jean Baptist Lamarck
vs.
Charles Darwin

46. are passed to offspring.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck Evolution occurs as structures develop through use, or disappear because of disuse, and these “acquired characteristics”
are passed to offspring.
EXAMPLE:
Over a giraffes lifetime it can stretch it’s neck and it’s offspring will be born with long necks….
Valid?

47. Darwin and The Monkey!
THIS IS NOT WHAT HIS THEORY SAYS

48. Who was Charles Darwin Studied medicine Received a BA in Theology
Hated the sight of blood
Received a BA in Theology
Had 10 children
Darwin was a Naturalist
on the HMS Beagle

49. Theory of Evolution
In The Galapagos Islands, Darwin collected species of finches (13)
Each had a specialized diet and beak structure
These finches all closely resembled a South American finch ancestral species
On the trip Darwin saw things he could only attribute to a process called:
“Natural Selection”

50. Darwin’s Finches

51. Theory of Evolution
Hypothesized that the differences were do to gradual change
Darwin referred to such change as “descent with modification” – evolution;
Wrote Origin of Species
He still wondered
“How does evolution occur?”

52. After his voyage, Darwin made the following inferences:
There is variation within populations
Some variations are favorable
Not all young produced in each generation can survive
Individuals that survive and reproduce are those with favorable variations
Favorable traits will increase in future generations.

53. Darwin called this process by which populations change in response to their environment:
Natural Selection

54. So....What is Evolution?

55. Evolution happens because of natural selection
Selection acts on individuals, populations evolve

56. Change creates advantages for some species & disadvantages for others
Fossils reveal changes in species over millions of years

57. Evidence for Evolution
Fossils
show change over time
scientists can date fossils & use them to support the theory of evolution
common ancestors reveal whether species are related
Anatomy of living species also
shows relatedness

58. How Anatomy supports Evolution
Homologous Structures
Traits similar in different species because they share a common ancestor
Ex: human arm, dog front limb, horse leg, whale fin
These “ look the same.” They have the same bones but different function. An

59. How Anatomy supports Evolution
3. Analogous structures
Distantly related species have structures that have the same function but are different in structure
Ex: wing of butterfly & bird
These “ work the same.” They have different bones but the same function.

60. How Anatomy supports Evolution
4. Vestigial structures
Structures reduced in size & often unused
Remains of functional structures inherited from an ancestor
Ex: leg & hip bones in pythons & whales

61. How DNA Supports evolution
5. Molecular Evidence
Also called biochemical evidence
Compares biomolecules such as DNA or amino acid sequences between organisms
Related organisms have more of the same molecules in common

62. So….. Where Do New Species Come From?

63. How do new species form? Geographic Isolation
When members of a population are separated
Ex: polar, grizzly, & black bears

64. 2. Reproductive Isolation
When members of a population can’t breed even though they live nearby
Ex: different mating seasons or different mating calls

65. Different Types of Evolution
Divergent evolution
Convergent evolution
Coevolution
Adaptive radiation

66. Divergent Evolution -Isolated populations evolve independently
Ex: polar & grizzly bears changed independently due to different habitats

67. Convergent Evolution
-Unrelated species become more alike because they live in similar environments
Ex: shark & dolphin

68. Coevolution -Species that interact closely adapt to one another
Ex: Flowers & Pollinators
(Birds, Bees and Butterflies too)

69. Adaptive Radiation
Evolution of many diverse species from one common ancestor
Ex: famous Galapagos finches discovered by Darwin

70. Questions?