1. 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications
Jianping Lai, Anaclet Nsabimana, Rafael Luque, Guobao Xu 
Joule 
Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages (January 2018)
DOI: /j.joule
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2. Joule 2018 2, 76-93DOI: ( /j.joule )
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3. Figure 1
Synthetic Strategy, Structure, and Morphology of Carbonaceous Substrates
(A) TEM image collected at the edge of the oxidized carbon fiber.
The dashed box area is 50 nm × 50 nm.
(B) TEM image collected at the edge of electrochemically activated CC carbon fiber.
(C) Schematic diagram of the CC electrochemical activation process.
(D) SEM images of activated CC by Ar plasma.
(E) Schematic diagram of in situ exfoliation of edge-rich and oxygen-functionalized graphene from carbon fiber.
(F) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of 3D self-supporting monolithic porous carbon cloth doped with N-heteroatom.
Source: (A) Reproduced with permission from Wang et al.34 (B and C) Reproduced with permission from Wang et al.35 (D and E) Reproduced with permission from Liu et al.37 (F) Reproduced with permission from Balogun et al.38
Joule 2018 2, 76-93DOI: ( /j.joule )
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4. Figure 2
Synthetic Strategy, Structure, and Morphology of Carbonaceous Substrates
(A) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of a GF and integration with PDMS.
Scale bars, 200 μm.
(B) SEM image of a GF.
(C) SEM images of NGF.
Source: (A and B) Reproduced with permission from Chen et al.39 (C) Reproduced with permission from Lee et al.40
Joule 2018 2, 76-93DOI: ( /j.joule )
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5. Figure 3
Synthetic Strategy, Structure, and Morphology of Carbonaceous Electrocatalysts Growing on Carbonaceous Substrates
(A) Schematic diagram of phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 growing on CC.
(B) SEM images of phosphorus-doped g-C3N4 growing on CC.
(C) Schematic diagram of the fabrication of ONPPGC/OCC.
(D) SEM images of ONPPGC/OCC.
(E) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of hierarchically porous N and P co-doped carbon nanofibers.
(F) SEM images of 3D hierarchically porous N and P co-doped carbon nanofibers.
Source: (A and B) Reproduced with permission from Ma et al.50 (C and D) Reproduced with permission from Lai et al.51 (E and F) Reproduced with permission from Zhu et al.52
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6. Figure 4
Synthetic Strategy, Structure, and Morphology of Carbonaceous Electrocatalysts Growing on Carbonaceous Substrates
(A) Schematic of the procedure for fabricating a 3D GF-rGO hybrid nested hierarchical network macrostructure.
(B) SEM image of the 3D GF-rGO hybrid macrostructure.
Source: (A and B) Reproduced with permission from Hu et al.55
Joule 2018 2, 76-93DOI: ( /j.joule )
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7. Figure 5
Synthetic Strategy, Structure, and Morphology of Free-Standing Carbonaceous Substrates
(A) A 10-mm-thick chemically converted graphene film or paper prepared by vacuum filtration of chemically converted graphene dispersion through an alumina membrane. The film exhibits a shiny metallic luster.
(B) Schematic of the gelation of graphene oxide.
(C) Photos of GO dispersions after being subjected to ascorbic acid reduction at 100°C for different periods of time.
(D) Photographs of a 2 mg mL−1 homogeneous GO aqueous dispersion before and after hydrothermal reduction at 180°C for 12 hr.
(E) SEM images of a 3D printed graphene aerogel microlattice.
Scale bar, 500 μm.
Source: (A–E) Reproduced with permission from Li et al.,56 Bai et al.,61 Qiu et al.,62 Xu et al.,63 and Zhu et al.64
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8. Figure 6
ORR Catalytic Performance of 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes
(A) Summary of the kinetic limiting current density (jK) and the electron-transfer number (n) on the basis of the RDE data on various samples (at −0.6 V).
(B) Chronoamperometric response of NC-A and Pt/C at −0.25 V in Ar-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution followed by introduction of O2 and methanol.
Source: (A and B) Reproduced with permission from He et al.44
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9. Figure 7
HER Catalytic Performance of 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes
(A) CV curves of the samples produced at different CVD temperatures and with different dopants in comparison with undoped nanoporous graphene.
(B) Tafel plots for the different graphene samples.
Source: (A and B) Reproduced with permission from Ito et al.69
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10. Figure 8
OER Catalytic Performance of 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes
(A and B) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) plots in comparison with those for G-CNT and dry NG-CNT (A) and IrO2 (B) collected at 30 mV s−1 in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte; the insets in (A) and (B) show the corresponding data re-plotted as the current density versus overpotential.
(C) Chronoamperometric response at 0.55 V versus Ag/AgCl; the inset in (C) shows the LSV plots for the 1st and 800th potential cycles.
Source: (A–C) Reproduced with permission from Chen et al.57
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11. Figure 9
CRR Catalytic Performance of 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes
(A) CVs for CO2 reduction in the Ar-saturated (black curve) and CO2-saturated pure EMIM-BF4 on carbon film electrode (blue curve) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrode (red curve), respectively. The scan rate was 10 mV s−1 for both experiments. The vertical pink dashed line represents the potential at which highest CO2 reduction in the case of the CNF electrode occurs.
(B) Absolute current density for CO2 reduction at different (bulk Ag, Ag nanoparticles, and CNF) electrodes in pure EMIM-BF4 electrolyte.
Source: (A and B) Reproduced with permission from Kumar et al.41
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12. Figure 10
Multi-functional Catalytic Performance of 3D Porous Carbonaceous Electrodes
(A) LSV curves of water electrolysis for ONPPGC/OCC, bare CC, and Pt/C in a two-electrode configuration with a scan rate of 2 mV s−1 in 1.0 M KOH.
(B) LSV curves of water electrolysis for ONPPGC/OCC in a two-electrode configuration with a scan rate of 2 mV s−1 in 0.2 M PBS.
(C) LSV curves of water electrolysis for ONPPGC/OCC in a two-electrode configuration with a scan rate of 2 mV s−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4.
(D) LSV curves for OER at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 in 1.0 M KOH of CC and P-CC.
(E) CV of ORR at a scan rate of 50 mV s−1 in N2 and O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH of CC and P-CC.
Source: (A–C) Reproduced with permission from Lai et al.51 (D and E) Reproduced with permission from Liu et al.37
Joule 2018 2, 76-93DOI: ( /j.joule )
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