1. Introduction to Psychology Peking University
Chapter 9 Intelligence
Introduction to Psychology
Peking University

2. 什么是聪明？
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3. Intelligence
The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983)
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4. Outlines The nature of intelligence Intelligence testing
Approaches to intelligence
Heredity and intelligence
The extremes of intelligence
Some concluding thoughts
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5. 1 The Nature of Intelligence
The multifaceted nature of intelligence
The functional nature of intelligence
Culturally defined
Definition of intelligence
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6. 1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence

7. 1.2 Functional Nature of Intelligence
The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg & Salter, 1982)
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8. 1.3 Cultureally Defined
Cultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems, and these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978)
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9. 1.4 Definition of Intelligence
The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983)
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10. Intelligence Viewpoint of layperson Related concepts Skill Knowledge
Aptitude
Intelligence
Mental ability
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11. 2 Intelligence Testing Psychometric instruments Intelligence tests
Sir Francis Galton( )
Upper classes were the most intelligent
Simple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities
10,000(1884)
Father of mental test/pioneering statistician
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12. 2.1 Binet Scale Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Binet & Simon (1908)
(1905) for education commission
Binet & Simon (1908)
Abilities increase with age
Mental Age, MA----Chronological age,CA
The average age at which children achieve a particular score.
Item Selection
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13. 2.2 Intelligence Testing in USA
Lewis Terman
Stanford-Binet scale (1916)
IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100
Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm)
Group Tests
Army Alpha & Army Beta Test
Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT)
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
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14. The Wechsler Intelligence Scales
David Wechsler
Minimizing the linguistic and cultural biases
Wechsler-Bellevue tests (1939)
WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (1939, 1955, 1981)
WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1958, 1974, 1991)
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15. The Structure of WAIS-R
Verbal subtests
Information
Comprehension
Arithmetic
Similarities
Digit span
Vocabulary
Performance subtests
Digit symbol
Picture completion
Block design
Picture arrangement
Object assembly
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16. 2.3 Frequency Distribution of IQ Scores
Wechsler (1958)
New concept of IQ
calculating IQ as an individual position relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distribution
An normal, bell-shaped curve
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17. 2.4 Limitations of IQ Tests
Predictive validity of IQ scores
Two limitations
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18. 2.4.1 Predictive validity of IQ scores小学 中学 大学
研究生
Why?
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19. How teachers view brightness as IQ?
Bias in age
Bias in sex
Bias in social behavior manner
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20. 2.4.2 Two Limitations Lack of a theoretical basis Culturally biased
Academic performance/practical intelligence
Culturally biased
15-point difference in white/African
Williams, Robert L.
IQ is strongly correlated with socioeconomic status
Group difference: gender
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21. 语言文化差异 Cello Harp Drum Violin Guitar Running a game What is up?
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22. Assignment 1
中小学教育中是否要引用智商测验？
为什么？
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23. 3 Approaches to Intelligence
The Psychometric Approach
The Information-Processing Approach
A Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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24. 3.1 The Psychometric Approach
Factor Analysis: common elements
Spearman Two-Factor Theory
Charles Spearman ( )
g-factor, General Intelligence
s-factors
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25. Other Factor Theories LL Thurstone(1938, 1962): 7 primary factors
word fluency
comprehension
numerical computation
spatial skills
associative memory
reasoning
perceptual speed
R. Cattell(1963): Crystallized/Fluid Intelligence
Wechsler WAIS-R
J. Guilford (1961): content, product, operation
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26. Limitations of the Psychometric Approach
Describing rather than explaining
Facts but no theory; Lack of Process
Proliferation in factors
Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern
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27. 3.2 The Information-Processing Approach
Speed of Processing
Posner et al(1969)
Knowledge Base
Ability to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies
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28. Speed of Processing Judge Identity: A A Judge Identity: A a
Perceive form of letter
Perceive form of letter
Analyze perceived forms
Analyze perceived forms
Look up names of letter
Speed of Processing:我们通常用快、慢说一个人干得好或差。有些研究检验智商与加工速度之间的关系。
Posner et al (1969)：向被试呈现成对的字母，要求判断两个字母物理上是否一样，或者在名称上是否一样（ Aa），测反应时。当字母看上去不一样时，判断名称是否一样需要多做一步：从LTM中提取各个字母的名称。反应时之间的差别，反映的是记忆搜索的速度。
有研究发现，反应时上的差异与学习成绩相关（Campione等，1982）。学习能力出众的孩子在这类要求速度的任务上更快捷（Keating & Robbitt,1978）。
Compare forms
Compare letter names
R: identical
R: identical 22

29. Knowledge Base Information in LTM
Quantity, Method of organization, Availability--->Intelligence Performance
Experience & Schema
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30. Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies
Daily Task
Difference between adults and children
Retard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies
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31. Limitation of I-P Approach
Theory to Theory
Limited in academic situation
Being difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving.
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32. 3.3 A Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner(1983)
Selecting Intelligences
Limitations of the Theory of M-I.
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33. Selecting Intelligences
Gardner(1983)
One can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligence
Criterion
Multiple neural modules
Savant and prodigy studies
Distinctive developmental course
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34. Gardner Seven Intelligences
Logical/Mathematical
Linguistic or Verbal
Musical
Bodily/Kinesthetic
Spatial
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
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35. Limitations of Gardner Theory
Underestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligence
Lack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapersonal and musical
The potential proliferation of intelligences
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36. R. Sternberg (1985): Triarchic Theory
Componential intelligence
knowledge acquisition component
performance component
metacognitive component
Experiential intelligence
处理新奇或者很常规的问题的能力
Contextual intelligence
日常事务、适应新的不同情境的现实管理能力
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37. Scrambled Words H-U-L-A-G P-T-T-M-E T-R-H-O-S C-I-B-A-S T-N-K-H-G-I
R-I-D-E-V
T-E-N-R-E
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38. Emotional Intelligence
P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1990, 1993)
IQ less important than parent SES( SES, income)
Social ability is important in life.
Apply emotional experience to motivation
D. Goleman(1995)
P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1997)
准确、适当地认知、评价和表达情绪
调整自己的情绪
利用情绪促进思维
Mayer(1998)
Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale
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39. 4 Heredity and Intelligence
个体差异研究
种族/家族群体研究
纵向研究
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40. 4.1 Individual Differences in IQ
Genetic and environmental variables
Longtitudinal study
Twin, family, and adoption studies:
Distinguish the impact of nature and nurture
Siblings, dizygotic twins, and parent-offspring pairs=.50
Monozygotic twins=1.00 (genetically identical)
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41. Some Results 领养儿的智商与生身父母的关系更大 领养一段时间之后，被领养儿的智力能显著提高（>20）
越早领养，环境的影响就越大。
环境因素：父母社会经济地位、学校等
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42. 4.2 Group Differences: race
Arthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973)
Between one-half and three-fourths of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors.
Minnesota Adoption Study
Scarr & Weinberg(1976), Weinberg et al(1992)
Racial Ancestry Study
Scarr et al(1977): No relation
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43. 4.3 Commentary: the science & politics of Intelligence
Emotional Issue
Milwaukee Project
Herrnstein & Murray(1994): The Bell Curve
Meritocracy能人统治
Waste of resources
50 leading professors drafted a document on intelligence
客观测量、预测性最好、种族内得分分布广、环境
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44. 遗传力 H＝Vg/Vt =(Vt-Ve)/Vt Vt: DZ difference in IQ
Ve: MZ difference in IQ
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45. 5 The Extremes of Intelligence
Mental retardation
Causes of mental retardation
Treating mental retardation
Giftedness
Are gifted people maladjusted?
Personality, marriage, professional success
Creativity and Intelligence
No relationship
Creativity & Bipolar disorder(manic-depression)
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46. 6 Some Concluding Thoughts
Social Intelligence
The ability to store, retrieve, and understand social information.
Intelligence is always embedded in a psychological context that includes motivation and emotion.=>Goals
EQ, Emotional Quotient
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