1. The Evolution of an Idea

2. The Evolution of an Idea
Learning Goal: To learn about the contributions that led to the development Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
Success Criteria:
I know I am succeeding when I can…
describe the research of Buffon, Lamarck, Cuvier, and Lyell and explain their contributions to the development of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
explain how fossils provide evidence of evolution and a progression of increasing complexity of organisms over time

3. Seeds of an Idea
dating back to Aristotle (384–322 BCE) people believed that Earth and all living things had been created in their present forms and were immutable (could not change and had not changed)
explanations for all natural phenomena were based on religious beliefs and philosophy
by the eighteenth century, scientists were beginning to gather scientific evidence supporting the theory that life had changed over time

4. Seeds of an Idea Cont’d…
Count Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707–1788), puzzled by anatomical features that seemed to serve no purpose, believed the species had been created in a more perfect form but had changed over time
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), also proposed that life changed over time

5. Adaptation & Heredity
Chevalier de Lamarck (1744–1829), was the first scientist to offer a possible mechanism for the evolution of species and proposed that:
structures an individual used became larger and stronger, while structures that were not used became smaller and weaker
individuals could pass on to their off spring characteristics they had acquired during their lives
organisms can acquire many characteristics during their lives, many features do not change in response to use, and features that do change are not normally heritable

6. Adaptation & Heredity Cont’d…

7. Adaptation & Heredity Cont’d…
Lamark’s hypothesis of how species evolved has proven to be incorrect but provided significant contributions to our understanding of evolution:
all species evolve over time
a species evolves in response to its environment and becomes better adapted to that environment
changes are passed on from generation to generation
organisms can acquire many characteristics during their lives, many features do not change in response to use, and features that do change are not normally heritable

8. Patterns of Change
Fossil: any ancient remains, impressions, or traces of an organism or traces of its activity that have been preserved in rocks or other mineral deposits in Earth’s crust
fossils are formed when the remains of a buried organism are gradually replaced by mineral deposits
Fossils of both (a) Knightia and (b) leaves are extremely abundant in some rock formations.

9. Patterns of Change Cont’d…
after an organism dies, the body usually decomposes but if it is quickly buried by sediments, the resulting lack of oxygen can prevent decomposition

10. Patterns of Change Cont’d…
over time the chemical action and the pressure of the sediments change the organism into a mineralized form

11. Patterns of Change Cont’d…
erosion or excavation of sedimentary rock exposes fossil remains

12. Patterns of Change Cont’d…
organisms can also become trapped and preserved in amber (fossilized tree sap), volcanic ash, ice formations such as permafrost, or acidic bogs

13. Patterns of Change Cont’d…
paleontology: the scientific investigation of prehistoric life through the study of fossils
fossils provide compelling evidence that species living in the past were different from those living in the present

14. Patterns of Change Cont’d…
fossils show that organisms become increasingly complex over time
more recent fossil deposits contain species that are both more complex and more similar to present living species
conducted the first detailed studies of fossils

15. Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism
Georges Cuvier (1769–1832)  species did not change but were eliminated by catastrophic events, only to be replaced by newly created forms (theory of catastrophism)
Charles Lyell (1797–1875)  Earth’s geologic features can be explained by very slow changes occurring over very long periods of time (uniformitarianism)
Cuvier’s theory accounted for the diff erent groups of species in each layer but did not adequately account for why each layer included progressively more complex forms.
Lyell’s ideas were radical. He was proposing that entire mountain ranges might have formed by extremely slow processes, and that deep gorges were the product of slow erosion
Millions of years are required for these layers of rock to accumulate and then to be slowly eroded away.
By the nineteenth century, scientific thought regarding the history of Earth and its life forms was undergoing substantial change. There was growing evidence that Earth was ancient and that species might be evolving. However, the mechanism for such change had yet to be adequately explained.

16. The Stage is Set
by the nineteenth century, scientific thought regarding the history of Earth and its life forms was undergoing substantial change
there was growing evidence that Earth was ancient and that species might be evolving
But, the mechanism for such change had yet to be adequately explained….
Cuvier’s theory accounted for the different groups of species in each layer but did not adequately account for why each layer included progressively more complex forms.
Lyell’s ideas were radical. He was proposing that entire mountain ranges might have formed by extremely slow processes, and that deep gorges were the product of slow erosion
Millions of years are required for these layers of rock to accumulate and then to be slowly eroded away.
By the nineteenth century, scientific thought regarding the history of Earth and its life forms was undergoing substantial change. There was growing evidence that Earth was ancient and that species might be evolving. However, the mechanism for such change had yet to be adequately explained.

17. The Evolution of an Idea
Learning Goal: To learn about the contributions that led to the development Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.
Success Criteria:
I know I am succeeding when I can…
describe the research of Buffon, Lamarck, Cuvier, and Lyell and explain their contributions to the development of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
explain how fossils provide evidence of evolution and a progression of increasing complexity of organisms over time

18. Homework
7.2 questions #1-5 & 7-9