1. Evolution Diversity of Life 1

2. Bell Ringer Name two of the unique species that Darwin observed on his voyage. Name two of the unique species that Darwin observed on his voyage. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

3. Bell Ringer How did the geologists of his time influence Darwin’s understanding of the world. How did the geologists of his time influence Darwin’s understanding of the world. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

4. Bell Ringer Why was Lamarck’s theory of evolution incorrect? Why was Lamarck’s theory of evolution incorrect? __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

5. Daily Objectives Describe the ideas that influenced Darwin’s scientific understanding. Describe the ideas that influenced Darwin’s scientific understanding.

6. 6 “Nothing in biology makes sense EXCEPT in the light of evolution.” Theodosius Dobzhansky Evolution Charles Darwin in later years

7. Evolutionary Timeline

8. Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms Aristotle believed species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity Aristotle believed species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity Idea lasted 2000 years Idea lasted 2000 years This arrangement is like a ladder This arrangement is like a ladder

9. Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms Linnaeus – First person to group similar organisms and assign them Latin names Linnaeus – First person to group similar organisms and assign them Latin names Two word name Two word name (Genus species) (Genus species) Known as Binomial nomenclature Known as Binomial nomenclature

10. Example of Binomial Nomenclature

11. Catastrophism Idea proposed by George Cuvier Idea proposed by George Cuvier Studied fossils in sedimentary rock strata of Paris Studied fossils in sedimentary rock strata of Paris Found some species completely disappeared in more recent layers Found some species completely disappeared in more recent layers

12. Catastrophism Stated that species disappear due to a catastrophic event of the earth’s crust Stated that species disappear due to a catastrophic event of the earth’s crust Ex. (volcano, earthquake, flood, etc) Ex. (volcano, earthquake, flood, etc)

13. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change James Hutton, 1795, Scottish geologist James Hutton, 1795, Scottish geologist Described the geological forces that have changed life on earth over millions of years Described the geological forces that have changed life on earth over millions of years (erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes…) (erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes…)

14. Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change Changes in Earth’s crust are due to slow, continuous processes Changes in Earth’s crust are due to slow, continuous processes This idea is known as: Gradualism This idea is known as: Gradualism

15. Charles Lyell Proposed theory of Uniformintarianism Proposed theory of Uniformintarianism Geological processes occur at uniform (constant) rates building & wearing down Earth’s crust Geological processes occur at uniform (constant) rates building & wearing down Earth’s crust Proposed that the Earth was millions of years old instead of a few thousand years old Proposed that the Earth was millions of years old instead of a few thousand years old

16. Principles of Geology Published by Lyell just before the Beagle set sail & it was read by Darwin Published by Lyell just before the Beagle set sail & it was read by Darwin Explained geological processes that shaped the earth Explained geological processes that shaped the earth Helped Darwin understand sea shells in the Andes Mountains at 12,000+ feet Helped Darwin understand sea shells in the Andes Mountains at 12,000+ feet Expanded Earth’s Age Expanded Earth’s Age

17. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 One of first scientists to understand that change occurs over time One of first scientists to understand that change occurs over time Stated that changes are adaptations to the environment acquired in an organism’s lifetime Stated that changes are adaptations to the environment acquired in an organism’s lifetime Said acquired changes were passed to offspring Said acquired changes were passed to offspring

18. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Idea called Law of Use and Disuse Idea called Law of Use and Disuse If a body part was used, it got stronger If a body part was used, it got stronger If body part was NOT used, then it deteriorated If body part was NOT used, then it deteriorated

19. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Examples of Use and Disuse Examples of Use and Disuse Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms) Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms) Giraffe’s Necks Longer (from stretching) Giraffe’s Necks Longer (from stretching)

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21. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Inheritance Of Acquired Traits Inheritance Of Acquired Traits Traits acquired during ones lifetime would be passed to offspring Traits acquired during ones lifetime would be passed to offspring

22. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Tendency toward perfection Tendency toward perfection Organisms are continually changing and acquiring features that help them live more successfully in their environment Organisms are continually changing and acquiring features that help them live more successfully in their environment Example: Bird ancestors desired to fly so they tried until wings developed Example: Bird ancestors desired to fly so they tried until wings developed

23. Lamarck’s Mistakes Did NOT Know how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes) Did NOT Know how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes) Genes are not changed by activities in life Genes are not changed by activities in life Change through mutation occurs before an organism is born Change through mutation occurs before an organism is born

24. Population Growth Thomas Malthus, 1798 Thomas Malthus, 1798 Economist Economist Observed babies being born faster than people were dying Observed babies being born faster than people were dying Human population size is limited by resources such as the food supply Human population size is limited by resources such as the food supply

25. The Struggle for Existence Malthus’ Influence on Darwin: High Birth Rates & Limited Resources Would Force Life & Death Competition High Birth Rates & Limited Resources Would Force Life & Death Competition Each Species Struggles For: Food Food Living Space Living Space Mates Mates 25

26. Evolutionary Timeline 26