1. Chapter 14 Empires and Encounters 1450-1750

2. European Empires in the Americas

3. Local situations in Americas
Warm Up: What enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands?
Geography
Motivation
Advances
Local situations in Americas

4. Local situations in Americas
What enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands?
Closer to Americas than Asia
Air currents
Geography
Access to trade
Competition amongst European states
Commercial Revolution amongst merchant class
Avoidance of Muslim intermediaries
3 Gs – Gold, God, Glory
Motivation
Mobilization of resources
Asian seafaring technology
Advanced weaponry
Advances
Euros took advantage of local rivalries
Germs and Diseases.
Local situations in Americas

5. European Empires in the Americas

6. What large-scale transformations did Europeans empires generate?
The Great Dying – demographic collapse of Native Americans due to disease
Columbian Exchange – biological and cultural exchange; network of communication, migration, trade, the spread of disease, and the transfer of plants and animals.

7. YouTube: Crash Course Columbian Exchange

8. Columbian Exchange: What biological exchanges were made?

9. The Columbian Exchange
(aka The Grand Exchange):
Dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, & ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian Hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
The term was coined in 1972 by Alfred W. Crosby, a historian at the University of Texas at Austin, in his work of environmental history.

10. Source: Alfred W. Crobsy, The columbian Exchange: biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 1972
‘The connection between the Old and new Worlds, which for more than ten millenia had been no more than a tenuous thing of Viking voyages, drifting fisherman, and shadowy contacts via Polynesia, became on the twelfth day of Octobar 1492 a bond as significant as the Bering land bridge had once been.
Two worlds, which God had cast asunder, were reunited, and the two worlds, which were so different, began on that day to become alike. That trend toward biological homogeneity is one of the most important aspects of the history of life on this planet since the retreat of the continental glaciers.”
Main idea?
Significance?

11. Though each colonial empire operated differently and created wholly new societies each viewed their colonial empires through lens of Mercantilism.
In Mercantilism, European gov’t served their countries economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold) by creating closed markets for manufactured goods of the “mother country.”
Triangle Trade of Raw Materials and Finished Products
Warm Up 1/13: In what ways are Columbian Exchange similar to Triangle Trade and in what ways do the two systems of exchange differ?

12. Which European empire had the most territory in the New World?

13. Which was an immediate result of the European Age of Exploration. A
Which was an immediate result of the European Age of Exploration? A. Islamic culture spread across Africa and Asia
B. European influence spread to the Western hemisphere
C. Independence movements
developed in Asia and Africa
D. military dictatorships were
established throughout Europe
2. Which of these events during the Age
of Exploration was a cause of the
other three? A. Europeans brought food, animals,
and ideas from one continent to
another
B. European diseases had an
adverse effect on the native
populations of new territories
C. Warfare increased as European
nations competed for land and power
D. Advances in learning and
technology made long ocean voyages
possible

14. Interaction with the Environment Cultural Economic Systems
Social
System
Political System
Interaction with the Environment
Cultural
Economic Systems
Spanish Colonies
English Colonies

15. English & Spanish Colonies Economic Systems
The Spanish empire developed an economic system based on commercial agriculture & mining
Native peoples served as the labor source in Encomienda - employed mainly by the Spanish crown to regulate Native American labor.
Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.
In theory, this person was to
protect natives from warring tribes
instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith
in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products.
In practice, the difference between encomienda & slavery could be minimal – resistance punishable by death.
Similar to Mit’a system in Inca Empire of extracting tribute under the form of labor.

16. English & Spanish Colonies Economic Systems
African slaves an additional source of labor in plantation economies.
In the plantation colonies of Brazil & the Caribbean, where the production of sugar for export defined the economy
Large numbers of Africans were imported as slave labor.

17. The Middle Passage Main Idea? Where were most slaves transported to?
Significance? Why?

20. Reflection on the Middle Passage
“I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I has never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was unable to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables and in my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands,, and laid me across I think the windlass and tied my feet while the other flogged me severely.”
Olaudah Equiano
Main Idea?
Significance?
POV?

21. "The Slave Ship" formally "Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying—Typhoon coming on" is a painting by the British artist J. M. W. Turner, first exhibited in Now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mass.
In this classic example of a Romantic maritime painting, Turner depicts a ship, visible in the background, sailing through a tumultuous sea of churning water and leaving scattered human forms floating in its wake.

22. The Middle Passage: This mid-18th cent
The Middle Passage: This mid-18th cent. painting of slaves held below deck on a Spanish slave ship illustrates the horrendous conditions of the transatlantic voyage, a journey experienced by many millions of captured Africans.

23. Comparing English & Spanish Colonies.
1. What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade?
2. What did it share with other patterns of slave owning and slave trading?
3. What explains the rise of Atlantic slave trade?
4. What roles did Europeans and Africans play in the unfolding of the Atlantic slave trade?
5. In what different ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies?
This 18th cent. French painting shows the sale of slaves at Goree, a major slave trading port in what is now Dakar in Senegal.
A European merchant & an African authority figure negotiate the arrangement, while the shackled victims themselves wait for their fate to be decided.

24. YouTube: CrashCourse WH - Atlantic Slave Trade

25. English & Spanish Colonies Social and Political Systems
The Spanish social order replicated Spanish class hierarchy while accommodating racially and culturally different Indians and Africans, as well as racially mixed people.
Saw themselves as residents of Spanish kingdom and subjects to monarch, yer deserving of self-gov’t due to separation.

27. English & Spanish Colonies Social and Political Systems
African slavery extended to British colonies, especially in southern plantation colonies where tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo were major crops.
In British colonies, European women joined colonization resulting in less racial mixing and less willing to recognize offspring in sharply defined racial system.
A self-reproducing slave workforce shaped a different society.
Some Northern colonies outlawed slavery and in Northern British colonies sometimes had greater economic opportunity.

28. English & Spanish Colonies Social and Political Systems
Northern British colonies of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania based on religious freedom and self-gov’t.
Economic and social system of susbistence farmers and merchants without sharp class hierarchy, large rural estates, or dependent laborers/slaves.
Because of weak British rule or salutary neglect, the largely literate population developed traditions of local self-gov’t, elected colonial assemblies, and vigorously contested the rule of royal governors sent to administer their affairs.
Self-gov’t will give colonial leaders like Thomas Jefferson practice for Amer. Rev.
Why are English Colonists so much more literate? They are largely Protestants who believe in the importance of reading the Bible for oneself.

29. Interaction with the Environment Cultural Economic Systems
Social
System
Political System
Interaction with the Environment
Cultural
Economic Systems
Spanish Colonies
English Colonies

30. Interaction with the Environment Cultural Economic Systems
Social
System
Political System
Interaction with the Environment
Cultural
Economic Systems
Spanish Colonies
Class based system modeled after Spain w/ racial classes mixed
Reflection of Spanish political system;
Encomienda granted from gov’t
Agriculture (sugar) and mining
Racial mixing and accommoda-tion of native and African; spread of Catholism
Encomienda; Slavery
English Colonies
Class distinctions less sharply divided, rising merchant class
Salutary Neglect; religious freedom; self-gov’t
Agriculture (tobacco, rice, cotton)
No legal accommoda-tion of racial mixing; Protestant; greater literacy; religious freedom from Europe
Plantation; Free market economy; slavery

31. In a thesis statement, compare British and Spanish colonial rule in the Americas.