1. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
UNIT – 6
LECTURER IN CIVIL ENGG. GP MEHAM
MD SHAD

2. INTRODUCTION
Construction equipments refer to tools, machines and vehicles which are specially designed for execution of construction works.
The equipment to be used can be either a standard type equipment which can be used for a number of situations or can be a special type which meets the requirements of the particular project.

3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Increase the rate of output through work progress with the best effective and efficient methods.
Reduce the overall construction costs especially for large contracts.
Carry out activities which cannot be done manually or to do them more economically and much faster.
Eliminate the heavy manual work by human thus reducing fatigue and eliminates various other hazards and health issues.
Maintain the planned rate of production where there is a shortage of skilled or unskilled labor.
Maintain the high quality standards often required by present-day design and specifications (technical standards).
If the machine breaks down, it can cause delay of construction work.
Electric tools can cause short circuit, which may result in fire.
Only skilled labors can operate the
equipments.
Special assistance is required to operate them as it may harm people on the site.
Contractors in small projects create issue over buying or renting of equipments and may charge high charges.

4. SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS
For a building project, the selection of equipment depends upon:
▫ The type, size and other particulars of equipment
▫ Whether the equipment is to be purchased, rented or to be procured under hire-cum-purchase arrangement.
TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS
Electric hand tools
Vibrators
Pumps
Compactors
Rollers
Concrete mixers
Hand pumps for ready-mix concrete
Transportation equipments

5. ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS
A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power
source and mechanism other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools.
Types of power tools-
Saws
Drills
Polishers
Plate Compactors
Concrete Vibrators
Electric Drivers
Ceramic tile Cutter
Jack Hammer

6. SAW- A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire,
or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut through material, most often wood.
Types of saw:
Mitre Saw
PARTS OF SAW
▫ A miter saw lets you make cuts at a variety of angles. The saw has a blade mounted on a swing arm that pivots left or right to produce angled cuts.
▫ For eg.- crown molding, picture frames, door frames,
window casings etc.
Chain Saw
▫ A chain saw is a portable, mechanical saw which cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain that runs along a guide bar.
▫ It uses a small engine to pull a bladed chain along a slotted guide bar. Now they are powered by an internal combustion engine or by an electric motor.
▫ For eg.- cutting of ice, i.e., ice sculptures etc.
MITRE SAW
CHAIN SAW

7. Reciprocating Saw Circular Saw Concrete Saw
▫ A reciprocating saw is a type of saw in which the cutting action is achieved through a push and pull reciprocating motion of the blade.
▫ This type of saw, resembling that of a jigsaw and a handle oriented to allow the saw to be used comfortably on vertical surfaces.
Circular Saw
RECIPROCATING SAW
▫ A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or
abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using a rotary motion spinning around an arbor.
▫ A circular saw is a tool for cutting many materials such
as wood, masonry, plastic, or metal and may be hand-held or mounted to a machine.
CIRCULAR SAW
Concrete Saw
▫ A concrete saw (consaw or road saw) is a power tool used for cutting concrete , masonry , brick ,asphalt , tile, and other solid materials. It can be a small hand-held cut-off saw, a big walk- behind saw or other styles, and it may be powered by gasoline, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure, or electric motors.
▫ The saw blades used on concrete saws are often diamond saw blades to cut concrete, asphalt, stone, etc.
CONCRETE SAW

8. CROSS SECTIONG SHOWING
POWER WRENCH
▫ The purpose of a wrench is to turn a bolt head or nut. And
a power wrench is a type of wrench that is powered by other means than human force. A typical power source is compressed air.
▫ There are two main types of power wrenches - impact wrenches
and air ratchet wrenches or pneumatic ratchet wrenches.
WRENCH
DRILLS
▫ A drill is a tool used for boring holes in various materials
or fastening various materials together with the use of fasteners.
▫ The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.
▫ Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking,
construction etc.
▫ Types of drills: Pistol-grip (corded) drill; Hammer drill; Rotary hammer drill; Cordless drills.
POWER WRENCH
CROSS SECTIONG SHOWING
INSIDE OF WRENCH
DRILL
PARTS OF DRILL

9. JACK HAMMER
▫ A jackhammer is a pneumatic or electro-mechanical tool that combines a hammer directly with a chisel. Hand- held jackhammers are generally powered by compressed air, but some are also powered by electric motors. Larger jackhammers, such as rig mounted hammers used on construction machinery, are usually hydraulically powered.
▫ They are used to break up rock, pavement, and concrete.
NAIL GUN
▫ These devices shoots out nails, propelling them into wood and other materials. They work much more quickly than the traditional hammering method.
PARTS OF NAIL GUN
NAIL GUN
JACK HAMMER

10. VIBRATORS Immersion or Needle Vibrators
They are commonly used as a way of compacting concrete on site. In case of vibration, compacting gets effected by reduction in internal friction between various particles of concrete due to oscillation of particles which results in a dense and compact mass of concrete.
▫ The frequencies of vibration used are from between 2800 to rpm.
▫ Types of Vibrators- Immersion or Needle Vibrators; External or Shutter Vibrators; Surface Vibrators; Vibrating Table.
Immersion or Needle Vibrators
▫ These needle vibrators come in a variety of sizes from 40 to 100 mm in diameter. The period of vibration necessary can be from 30 seconds to 2 minutes and the concrete should be placed in layers no more than 600mm high.
PARTS OF NEEDLE VIBRATORS
NEEDLE VIBRATORS

11. External or Shutter Vibrators
The external vibrators are more often used for pre-casting of thin in-situ sections of such shape and thickness as can not be compacted by internal vibrators.
SHUTTER VIBRATOR
Surface vibrators
Surface vibrators are placed on the concrete mass and are best used for the compaction of shallow elements. These should not be used when the depth of the concrete is more than 250mm
Vibrating table
The vibrating table consists of a rigidly built steel platform mounted on flexible springs and is driven by an electric motor.
The vibrating tables are very efficient in compacting stiff and harsh concrete mixes required for manufacture of precast elements in the factories and test specimens in laboratories.
SURFACE VIBRATOR
VIBRATING TABLE

12. PUMPS
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.
1.Concrete Pump
A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types
of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck, other type is piston.
Usually, piston pumps are used, because they can
produce hundreds of atmospheres of pressure.
CONCRETE PUMP
▫ READYMIX CONCRETE PUMP: They are used for horizontal and vertical transportation of large volumes of concrete in short duration.
2. Water Pump
The water pump is a simple centrifugal pump driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The water pump uses centrifugal force to send fluid to the outside while it spins, causing fluid to be drawn from the center continuously.
CENTRIFUGAL WATER PUMP

13. CONCRETE MIXERS
A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.
A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.
More over the rotating speed of this mixer is 19 RPM
in 180 seconds exactly
There are two types of concrete mixers-
STATIONARY CONCRETE MIXER
▫ PORTABLE
▫ STATIONARY
Concrete transit mixers: They are mainly used for transporting concrete from batching point.
Capacity:-
▫ 3cum-9cum
PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER

14. Compactor 1.Rammers: 3.Vibro Tampers:
A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of material such as waste material or bio mass through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by a home or business to reduce the volume of trash.
Compactors are characterized in three categories-
RAMMER
▫ Light soil compacting equipments
▫ Heavy soil compacting equipments
Light Soil Compacting Equipments
These equipments are used for soil compacting of small areas only and
where the compacting effort needed is less.
1.Rammers:
Rammers are used for compacting small areas by providing impact load to the soil.
VIBRATING PLATE COMPACTOR
2. Vibrating Plate Compactors:
Vibrating plate compactors are used for compaction of coarse soils with 4 to 8% fines. These equipments are used for small areas.
3.Vibro Tampers:
This machine is suitable for compaction of all types of soil by vibrations set up in a base plate through a spring activated by an engine driven reciprocating mechanism.
VIBRO TAMPERS

15. Heavy Soil Compaction Equipments or Rollers-
These compacting machines are used for large areas for use on different types of soils. The heavy compaction equipments are selected based on moisture content of soil and types of soil.
Smooth Wheeled Rollers:
▫ The most suitable soils for these roller type are well graded sand, gravel, crushed rock, asphalt etc. where crushing is required.
▫ These are used on soils which does not require great pressure for compaction. These rollers are generally used for finishing the upper surface of the soil.
SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLER

16. TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENTS
1.Backhoe
Backhoe comprises a bucket on the end of an articulated boom, set on a pneumatic tyred or crawler tractor unit.
The boom, bucket arm and bucket are controlled by hydraulic rams.
The maximum depth of excavation is related to the length of the boom and machines with depth capacities between
2.6 and 6m are in common use. Long reach machines up to
18 and 14m respectively.
BACKHOE
2. FORWARD LOADER
Forward loader consists of a pneumatic tyred or crawler tractor at the front of which is mounted a wide bucket that can be moved in a vertical plane.
Excavation is carried out by driving the machine towards and the bucket into the material; the bucket is then turned and lifted upwards, thus catching and excavating the material
Loaders are generally used to excavate the materials at and for a distance above ground level and can be use d to push or haul material in the bucket over short distances.
FRONT LOADER

17. 5.Dragline
Dragline equipment is operated from cranes or similar plant with a long boom.
Excavation is done by pulling a bucket suspended on a cable towards the machine by a second cable.
They are especially suited for the excavation of soft and loose materials from a distance at a level beneath or slightly above their tracks and may be used to excavate under water.
PARTS OF DRAGLINE

18. 6.Grab 7. Road Lorries GRAB ROAD LORRIES
Grab consists of a cable or hydraulically controlled bottom-opening bucket suspended from a crane or a lifting arm
Grabs are typically used for the excavation of pits or trenches and loading to and from stockpiles.
GRAB
7. Road Lorries
Road lorries are available in sizes up to 38 ton gross vehicle weight and generally have steel or steel/ aluminum sheeted bodies.
Such vehicles require to be loaded by other plant but are generally unloaded by side or rear tipping
ROAD LORRIES

19. 7.Dumpers 8.CONVEYERS: DUMPERS CONVEYER BELT
Dump trucks or dumpers generally vary in size from 1 to about 80 tonne capacity.
They are generally used in mines, quarries or open cast sites
They have become popular as they are versatile and are especially suitable for hauling on softer sub grades.
The speed of tipping is increased over a road lorry by the absence of a tailgate.
Small dumper units are available for work on small sites and mounted dump trucks are also available with load capacities up to about 20 tonne.
DUMPERS
8.CONVEYERS:
Conveyers are built up with a number of units of endless flat belt conveyers placed in series and major changes in direction can be made at transfer points where material from one belt falls and is channeled on to next.
Conveyers are generally used in quarries and pits in areas of very steep or poor access.
CONVEYER BELT

20. 9.DOZERS:
Bulldozer is a tractor equipped with affront pusher blade, which can be raised and lowered by hydraulic rams.
An angle dozer has a blade that is capable of being set at an angle to push material sideways whist the tractor moves forward. The tractor unit is usually mounted on crawler tracks thus allowing it to travel over and push off a wide variety of ground conditions although wheel mounted units is available.
Dozers have a wide variety of roles including excavating soils and weak rocks, ripping moving excavated material over short distances spreading materials, trimming earthworks and acting as a pusher to boost the effective power of scrapers and other plants.
Wide ranges of crawler units are available ranging from 45 to 575 kW
DOZER

21. CONCLUSION
With the invent of compacting equipments and construction machinery, a lot of work can be done in a short span of time with economy.
Working man hours and quantum of work are increased.
Good quality of work can be maintained.
Saving in project completion time and cost of project.
Easy transportation of material from distant locations.
Better ride quality of embankment can be achieved.
Different materials can be blended/mixed to find a suitable material for
earthwork.
Typical tasks can be performed which are tough for manual labor.

22. THANKYOU