1. Software Reuse: The Case of the Brazilian Industry
Kellyton Brito, Eduardo Almeida, Silvio Meira
{kellyton.brito, eduardo.almeida,
November 26, 2018

2. Summary Introduction Related Work Analyses
Questionnaire Analyses
Data Analyses
Relations with International Industry
Conclusions and Future Works
November 26, 2018

3. Introduction
November 26, 2018

4. McIlroy and NATO Software Engineering Conference, 1968
Introduction
McIlroy and NATO Software Engineering Conference, 1968
Software Reuse is the process of creating software systems from existing software rather than building software from scratch.
November 26, 2018

5. Freeman, 1983 - Not only source code can be reused
Introduction
Freeman, Not only source code can be reused
“Different types of artifacts which are not limited to source code fragments can be reused including: design structures, module-level implementation structures, specifications, documentation, transformations, and so on.”
November 26, 2018

6. Introduction Nowadays
The organizations are implementing reuse programs
They need answers to practical questions about reuse
November 26, 2018

7. Introduction This Work
Aim to analyses the field of Software Reuse in Brazilian Organizations, to identify key factors, problems and to consider solutions.
November 26, 2018

8. Related Work
November 26, 2018

9. Related Work Frakes & Fox, 1995 Sixteen Questions About Software Reuse
Empirical study
Try answer 16 questions commonly asked about reuse
28 U.S. Organizations
1 European organization
November 26, 2018

10. Related Work Frakes, 1995 Main Results - Factors Affecting Reuse
Type of Industry
Reuse Education
Perceived Economic Feasibility
Common Software Process
High Quality Assets
November 26, 2018

11. Related Work Frakes, 1995 Main Results - Factors Not Affecting Reuse
Programming Language
CASE Tools
Experience
Recognition Awards
Legal Problems
Repositories
Organization Size
Quality Concerns
Reuse Measurement
NIH Syndrome
November 26, 2018

12. Related Work
Morisio, 2002
Success and Failure Factors in Software Reuse
Empirical study
Try identify key factors in software reuse programs
24 Projects of European Organizations from 1994 to 1997
November 26, 2018

13. Related Work Morisio, 2002 Main Results – Key Points
Top management commitment as prerequisite
Introduction of reuse processes and modification of nonreuse processes
Human Factors must be addressed
Introducing key reuse roles and setting up a repository are not sufficient
November 26, 2018

14. This Work Main Points of this Work
Try identify key factors in software reuse programs
Try Map the software reuse in Brazilian industry
Compare reuse in Brazilian industry with USA and European industries
Offer guidelines to reuse programs in organizations
Support new research projects
November 26, 2018

15. Questionnaire Analyses
November 26, 2018

16. Questionnaire Analyses
Versions
First version in January 2004
Two months to revision
Ninth version available in March 2004
Built by 1 PhD candidate
Revised by:
1 PhD Senior in Software Engineering
2 PhD Student with Reuse focus (Rise Members)
1 MBA Marketing Specialist
November 26, 2018

17. Questionnaire Analyses
The Questionnaire
Based on:
Related works
Empirical evidence of reuse practices
Divided by:
Covering Page
Summary
Introduction
Concepts of Reuse, Context, Motivation, Related Works with results, and Aims of Study
Motivations to answer the questionnaire
Promise of send the results of survey
Estimate time to answer the questionnaire
The Data Set
Identification Data and Instructions to Return
References
November 26, 2018

18. Questionnaire Analyses
The Questions
Questions organized in sections:
Demographic information: location, number of employees.
Nonreuse information: use of a quality model, type of software production, development approach, etc.
Reuse information: success in reuse, reuse process, etc.
Closed questions
Single and multiple choices
Space to comments
Range of values of questions compliant with national reality
Question order – To avoid researcher bias
November 26, 2018

19. Questionnaire Analyses
Data Collection - from March/04 until August/2004
First Collection
Presentation in Digital Port, with respondents of questionnaire at the end
23 organizations invited, 12 attend
Low Participation
Second Collection
Contact the organizations that did not attend the first presentation
Organizations from Brazil XML Center
Third Collection
Send Questionnaire to organizations
Organizations of Digital Port, and organizations where the researchers (1 PhD Senior, 2 PhD Candidates and 1 MSc Candidate) had contact, in the most significant states in Software Development: SP, RJ, PE and BA.
November 26, 2018

20. Questionnaire Analyses
Data Analyses
Performed by 1 MSc Candidate and 1 PhD Candidate (author of Questionnaire)
From October 2005 to January 2006
70 respondents of 57 organizations
Majority of Managers and Systems Analyst
Low priority to Trainee answers
November 26, 2018

21. Questionnaire Analyses
Respondents of Questionnaire
November 26, 2018

22. Answers Analyses
November 26, 2018

23. Successful Experiences with Reuse
Answers Analyses
Successful Experiences with Reuse
November 26, 2018

24. Successful Experiences with Reuse
Answers Analyses
Successful Experiences with Reuse
High rates of success, 53%
Successful points related by companies:
Developing approach
Team experience
Reuse commitment in all cycle of project
Small teams
Good documentation
Independent team of reusable assets
Periodic inspections
November 26, 2018

25. Successful Experiences with Reuse
Answers Analyses
Successful Experiences with Reuse
Failure points related by companies:
Not adoption of a proccess that involves reuse
Low knowledge about reuse by company or development team
These points will be related with our results ahead
November 26, 2018

26. 1 - Region Distribution in Brazil
Answers Analyses
1 - Region Distribution in Brazil
November 26, 2018

27. 1 - Region Distribution in Brazil
Answers Analyses
1 - Region Distribution in Brazil
Study concentrated in regions NorthEast and SouthEast
Principal centers of technology
Same rates of reuse success in the two areas
Demonstrate success of reuse initiatives in NorthEast
November 26, 2018

28. 2 – Size of Company and Development Teams
Answers Analyses
2 – Size of Company and Development Teams
November 26, 2018

29. 2 – Size of Company and Development Teams
Answers Analyses
2 – Size of Company and Development Teams
November 26, 2018

30. 2 – Size of Company and Development Teams
Answers Analyses
2 – Size of Company and Development Teams
Small companies had more success than large companies
As bigger the organization, less success with reuse
Facility to manage few people
Very large organizations had success with reuse
Organizations with fixed proccesses
November 26, 2018

31. Answers Analyses
3 – Team Experience
November 26, 2018

32. Answers Analyses 3 – Team Experience
Myth of experienced developers build best software
Experienced teams have little vantage over others
Team experience is good, but not suficient to success in reuse
November 26, 2018

33. 4 – Type of Software Production
Answers Analyses
4 – Type of Software Production
November 26, 2018

34. 4 – Type of Software Production
Answers Analyses
4 – Type of Software Production
Companies that build product family software can specialize in the application domain, and share many assets with similar functions
They have more success with reuse approach ( 63% x 41%)
November 26, 2018

35. 5 – Kind of Software Developed
Answers Analyses
5 – Kind of Software Developed
November 26, 2018

36. 5 – Kind of Software Developed
Answers Analyses
5 – Kind of Software Developed
Try investigate if the kind of software influences in reuse success
The majority of organizations develop many kind of software, in parallel
Three kind with the same rates: Games, Information Systems and Real Time Systems
Embedded Systems and Inteligent Systems with higher rates
May be a tendency. Needs further studies.
November 26, 2018

37. Answers Analyses
6 – Application Domain
November 26, 2018

38. Answers Analyses 6 – Application Domain
Administrative Systems developed by the majority of the organizations, combined with other domains
More success in Software Tools/Environments, Pharmacy, Food and Telecommunications.
Domains without relation
100% of success with Software Tools / Environments
Majority of open source projects
November 26, 2018

39. 7 – Adoption of Quality Model
Answers Analyses
7 – Adoption of Quality Model
November 26, 2018

40. 7 – Adoption of Quality Model
Answers Analyses
7 – Adoption of Quality Model
The results confirms the expectation
Companies that have a Quality Model have more success with reuse approach ( 71% x 45% )
The Quality Model used does not impact in rates of reuse success
November 26, 2018

41. 7.2 – Quality Model Utilized
Answers Analyses
7.2 – Quality Model Utilized
November 26, 2018

42. 8 – Development Approach and Programming Language
Answers Analyses
8 – Development Approach and Programming Language
November 26, 2018

43. 8.1 - Development Approach
Answers Analyses
8.1 - Development Approach
Organizations that use Component Oriented or Object Oriented approach have a little more success than others.
Procedural approach have more success with experienced developers, unlike other approaches.
November 26, 2018

44. 8.1 – Development Approach x Team Experience: Successful Experiences
Answers Analyses
8.1 – Development Approach x Team Experience: Successful Experiences
November 26, 2018

45. 8.2 – Programming Language
Answers Analyses
8.2 – Programming Language
November 26, 2018

46. 8.2 - Programming Language
Answers Analyses
8.2 - Programming Language
Higher rates of success with Object Oriented languages
.NET leads the ranking, because it is a entire environment of development
C and ASP have better results than JAVA. However, some results were influenced because many companies use many languages in diferent projects.
Couldn’t identify which exactly language obtained success with reuse
November 26, 2018

47. 9 – Systematic Reuse Process
Answers Analyses
9 – Systematic Reuse Process
November 26, 2018

48. 9 – Systematic Reuse Process
Answers Analyses
9 – Systematic Reuse Process
The Systematic Reuse Process has direct impact in reuse success
Organizations that have a Systematic Reuse Process have more success with reuse approach (73% x 45%)
Same result than USA and Europe studies
November 26, 2018

49. Answers Analyses
10 – Kind of Assets Reused
November 26, 2018

50. Answers Analyses 10 –Kind of Assets Reused
The Code is the asset more reused
Requirements, Design and Test are reused too, contradicting a myth in Brazil.
100% of companies that reuse code and test specifications have success with reuse.
November 26, 2018

51. 11 – Origin of Reusable Assets
Answers Analyses
11 – Origin of Reusable Assets
November 26, 2018

52. 11 – Origin of Reusable Assets
Answers Analyses
11 – Origin of Reusable Assets
Build from scratch facilitates the abstraction and reuse
It is a high cost proccess
Build from existents products reuses tested assets
In practice, the Origin of Reusable Assets does not affect directly the success with reuse
A little better rates to companies that build from existents products (62% x 71% x 71%)
November 26, 2018

53. 12 – When Reusable Assets are Build
Answers Analyses
12 – When Reusable Assets are Build
November 26, 2018

54. 12 – When Reusable Assets are Build
Answers Analyses
12 – When Reusable Assets are Build
Build assets before software development facilitates the abstraction and reuse
High cost proccess, the development can’t wait
In the practice, the period of build the reusable assets has direct impact in reuse success
Organizations that built the assets before the software development have more success then others. ( 85% x 43%)
November 26, 2018

55. Answers Analyses
13 – Reuse Education
November 26, 2018

56. Answers Analyses
13 – Reuse Education
November 26, 2018

57. Answers Analyses 13 – Reuse Education
The academy does not have formal education about reuse
Only 16% of companies have some kind of reuse education program
Surprising, these companies did not have better results than others companies
The USA study indicated that reuse education is a key factor to reuse success
Our result indicate that reuse education in Brazil must be reappraised and improved
November 26, 2018

58. 14 – Existence of Positions Associated to the Reuse Process
Answers Analyses
14 – Existence of Positions Associated to the Reuse Process
November 26, 2018

59. 14 – Existence of Positions Associated to the Reuse Process
Answers Analyses
14 – Existence of Positions Associated to the Reuse Process
Quality Models and Reuse Proccess are important
Try identificate the need of creation of reuse specifc positions in reuse proccess
In practice, few companies have specific positions to reuse proccess
These companies does not have better rates then the others.
November 26, 2018

60. Answers Analyses 15 – Recognition Awards
Only two organizations have policies of recognition awards:
Visibility for the employee: Dinner, visibility in events
Financial awards
These organizations are starting with reuse approaches
They can not afirm if they have success with reuse
November 26, 2018

61. 16 – Existence of a Measurement Reuse Program
Answers Analyses
16 – Existence of a Measurement Reuse Program
November 26, 2018

62. 16 – Existence of a Measurement Reuse Program
Answers Analyses
16 – Existence of a Measurement Reuse Program
Important to define exactly the success of reuse programs
Only one organization has a measurement reuse program, Return Over Assets, and this organization didn’t have success in reuse
Success with reuse in other companies based in subjective analises
November 26, 2018

63. 17 – Independent Team to Assets Development
Answers Analyses
17 – Independent Team to Assets Development
November 26, 2018

64. 17 - Independent Team to Assets Development
Answers Analyses
17 - Independent Team to Assets Development
Independent teams are costly and only possible in big organizations
Only five organizations (9%) have an independent team to assets development, but all of them have success in reuse
This indicate that an independent team could be decisive to success in reuse
November 26, 2018

65. Answers Analyses
18 - Repository
November 26, 2018

66. Answers Analyses 18 – Repository Low rates of success
Not existence of efficient search and retrieve tools in repository
Repository Content
Source Code
Software components
Document templates
Report generators
Database queries
November 26, 2018

67. 19 – Assets Certification
Answers Analyses
19 – Assets Certification
November 26, 2018

68. 19 – Assets Certification
Answers Analyses
19 – Assets Certification
Few companies use assets certification processs
Certification proccesses related by some companies:
Sistematic test proccesses
Approval by a Product Board
Certification proccess incorporated in the company methodology
Use in pilot applications
The 1st and 2nd companies had success with reuse.
November 26, 2018

69. 20 – Configuration Management of Assets
Answers Analyses
20 – Configuration Management of Assets
November 26, 2018

70. 20 – Configuration Management of Assets
Answers Analyses
20 – Configuration Management of Assets
Fundamental to maintenance of an asset
Principal way to manage: Control Version Tools, like CVS.
Organizations that have a configuration management of assets have significative success with reuse approach ( 80% )
November 26, 2018

71. Answers Analyses
21 – Case Tools
November 26, 2018

72. Answers Analyses 21 – Case Tools
Companies hope that the use of CASE Tools improves the quality of development, and helps the reuse.
The use of these tools are ample.
In the practice, the use of CASE Tools is a good practice.
71% of the companies that use these tools have success with reuse approach
November 26, 2018

73. Resume of factors that influence the reuse success in Brazil
Strong
Med
Weak
N/A
Region Distribution in Brazil X
Size of Company and Development Teams
Team Experience
Type of Software Production
Kind of Software Developed
Application Domain
Adoption of Quality Model
Development Approach
Programming Language
Systematic Reuse Process
Kind of Assets Reused
November 26, 2018

74. Resume of factors that influence the reuse success in Brazil
Strong
Med
Weak
N/A
Origin of Reusable Assets X
When Reusable Assets are Build
Reuse Education
Positions Associated to the Reuse Process
Recognition Awards
Measurement Reuse Program
Independent Team to Assets Development
Repository
Assets Certification
Configuration Management of Assets
Case Tools
November 26, 2018

75. Comparison with Related Work
November 26, 2018

76. Correlations with other Studies
Determinant Items
This (Brazil)
Frakes (USA)
Morisio
(Europe)
Type of Software Production X
Reuse Process or Process that promotes reuse
Quality Model
The time, in project, that the reusable assets are built
An independent team to build reusable assets
Configuration Management of Assets
Type of Industry
Perceive Economic Feasibility
Reuse Education
Top Management Commitment
Human Factors
November 26, 2018

77. Correlations with other Studies
Not Determinant Items Related with Frakes Study
This (Brazil)
Frakes
(USA)
Programming Language X
Team Experience
Recognition Awards -
Repositories
Reuse Measurements
CASE Tools
Legal Problems
Company Length
Developers prefer build than reuse
Development approach
November 26, 2018

78. Conclusions and Future Works
November 26, 2018

79. Key Fields to Reuse Success
Conclusions
Key Fields to Reuse Success
Type of Software Production
Adoption of a Quality Model
Adoption of a Systematic Process of Reuse
The time, in project, that the reusable assets are built
An independent team to build reusable assets (maybe a tendency)
November 26, 2018

80. Myths in Brazilian Software Reuse
Conclusions
Myths in Brazilian Software Reuse
Bigger organizations have more success with reuse
The team experience is fundamental to success in reuse
The approach of Object Orientation or the language utilized is fundamental to reuse
In Brazil the organizations only reuse code
Build a repository is fundamental to success in reuse
November 26, 2018

81. Future Works
This Survey will be used as a starter point of a new project, that will be performed by Carina Alves, PhD. by University College London.
This project survey will receive financial support from Brazilian Government, by CNPq agency.
In few years, perform other similar study to accompany the evolution of reuse in Brazil.
November 26, 2018