1. Microbial Biotechnology

2. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microorganisms are used in industrial settings to produce many important chemicals, antibiotics, organic compounds, and pharmaceuticals. Using living organisms as chemical synthesis factories reduces many of the risks and polluting raw materials to be replaced by less expensive processes. The by-products of biosynthetic reactions are usually less toxic and hazardous than those of industrial chemical reactions.
Microbial Biotechnology
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3. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Interesting Facts
*Microbes have existed on the earth for over
3.5 billion years.
*50% of the living matter is comprised of microorganisms.
*Less than 1% of all bacteria have been identified,
cultivated and studied in the Laboratory.
*Yet we are literally surrounded by microbes
all the time
Microbial Biotechnology
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4. How we cultivate bacteria
Microbial Biotechnology
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5. KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Any technological application that uses biological systes,
living organisms or derivatives to make or modify
products or processes for a specific use:
Traditional plant breeding
Old biotechnology – tissue culture, fermentation
Recently: Modern biotechnology:
In vitro nucleic acid techniques including
Recombinant DNA technology – direct injection of DNA into
cells or organelles, fusion of cells beyond taxonomic family - overcome natural physiological, reproductive or recombination barriers….. Not used in traditional breeding & selection
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

6. What bacteria look like
spheres or
cocci growing
in chains
cork-screw
rods
Microbial Biotechnology
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7. Advances in : Medicine Agriculture Industry
Microbial Biotechnology
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8. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Fermentation
Microbial Biotechnology
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9. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

10. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Fermentation
Biochemists define fermentation as an anaerobic process that generates energy by the breakdown
of organic compounds; the end products can be
microbial metabolites such as lactic acid enzmes,
the alcohols ethanol and butanol, and acetone.
Industrial users of fermentation have broadened
the definition to include:
1- any process that produces bacteria and fungi
(Yeast) (biomass) as the end product and
2- biotransformation ( transformation by cells of
a compound added to the fermentation medium of a commercially valuable compound)
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

11. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Fermentation
Aerobic or anaerobic microorganisms are cultured under controlled
condition in large chamber, or fermentors, sometimes called bioreactor Most fermentation, require a Number of steps:
Sterilization of fermentation vessel and associated equipments
Preparation and sterilization of the culture medium
Preparation of a pure cell culture inoculation of the medium in the ---fermentation -vessel
Cell growth and synthesis of hedesired product under a specific set of conditions
Prodcts extraction and purification or cell collection
Disposal of extended medium and cells, and the cleaning of
bioreactor and equipment
Microbial Biotechnology
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12. Fermentation process need
Microbial Biotechnology
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13. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Single cell protein
Microbes have been used as food and food supplements for several thausand years.
For example:
As a supplement in soups
Animal feed to contribute additional protein, minerals and vitamins
A monoculture of algal, bacterial, or fungal cells has a protien content that is 70%-80% of its dry weight. When such amonoculture is growing in large volumes for use as
Human or livestock feed supplements it is called Single cell protein or SCP.
an example: Sacchromycess cerviciea Most recently protein has been marked as meat substitute.
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

14. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Food Biotechnology
Microorganisms are a major component of the fermentation relies on the enzymatic
reaction process.
Fermentation relies n the enzymatic reactions found in a variety of microorganisms.
Improve the microorganisms that conduct food and beverage fermentation, and
reduce costs of production, the biochemical process of fermentation remain the same as they were in ancient times.
Modern development in food production have focused on the quality, safety, and nutritional value of products.
During fermentation scientists are working in methods to improve the quality and
Safety of food production during fermentation. Such as:
1- Virus resistant strain of bacterial used in dairy products
2- fermentors sometimes become contaminated with bacteria that produce toxins. The
use of bacteria that produce chemicals that kill these contaminated bacteria are used as an additive in fermentation to prevent contamination of fermented food.
3- microorganisms also are important source of food additives such as enhancing the
flavor of foods, increasing the nutritional value, such as amino acid supplements, flavor
enhancers, flavorings, vitamines, guar gum,and xanthan gum
4- numerous microbial enzymes produced by recombinant DNA technology are now used in food processing such as enzyme used in making cheese.
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

15. Products from microorganisms
Antibiotics through fermentation is an important use of medicine.
flavorings
Nutrients
Coloring for a wide variety of food, fungus penicillium gives blue cheese and flavor.
Amino acids are used as flavor enhancers such as alanine, asparatic acid and glutamic
Acid and nutritional supplements such as therionine, methionine, and lysine
pharmaceutical active compounds such as antinflamatory, antidepressants, and anti-coagulants.
Recombinant DNA technology is used for improvement these production before ferment-
ation also transfer of genes from higher organisms to microorganisms for synthesize its
Compounds is a major field for many products from microorganisms such as :
In therapeutic value, such as interferon's interleukins for the treatment of cancers, for
Hemophilia, erythroprotien for animea, human insulin for diabetes, nerve growth factor to promote the repair of nerve damage and human growth hormone.
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

16. Important application of commercial fermentation
Metabolites:
Microbial cell have two types of metabolites:
Primary metabolites, which are produced during the organism’s growth phase, these
Compounds are essential to an organisms metabolism and its end products.
Secondary metabolites, are not essential to cell growth or function and are characteris-
tically produced quite late in the growth cycle and are usually derived from primary meta-bolite-s or the intermediates of primary metabolites.
Enzymes:
Lipase
Lactase
Protease
Amylase
Pectinase
All enzymes used for Genetic Engineering
Antibiotics:
Pencilline the first one discovered by alexander fleming during world warII
And so many antibiotics
Fuels:
Biopolymers:
Microbial Biotechnology
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17. Microorganisms and agriculture
1- Ice -nucleating Bacteria
2- Microbial pesticides
3- Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria
4- Baculoviruses
Microbial Biotechnology
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18. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Bioremediation
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19. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microbial Biotechnology
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20. Oil and mineral recovery
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21. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microbial Biotechnology
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22. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microbial Biotechnology
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23. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Oil Spills
Wastewater Treatment
Chemical Degradation
Heavy metal
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24. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

25. Microbial Biotechnology KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
Microbial Biotechnology
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory

26. KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory
KNU Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory