1. Labor

3. Formal v. Informal Formal Informal Public sphere Private sphere
Legitimate, compensated
Expected, unrecognized
Accords status
Natural extension
Household duties expected of ♀ = ‘second shift’
Household duties expected, blended with work
Leisure gap for ♀

4. Public Policy & ♀ Unpaid, underpaid work
Disregard domestic obligations
Fewer dev. programs
Ignore value of ♀‘s work in informal sector
Hard to quantify, measure

6. Explanations for Gender Pay Gap
Pinksourcing
Lack role models
Gender job segregation
Access discrimination
Horizontal & vertical
Part-time
Compensating differentials
Cushier jobs
Lack of legal literacy
Home responsibilities
Maternity leave (map); Parental leave

7. Blue- Employer Liability Gold, Green, Yellow- Partly State
Source of Payment
Pink- Unpaid
Blue- Employer Liability
Gold, Green, Yellow- Partly State
Red- Fully State

8. Explanations for Gender Pay Gap (cont.)
Human capital
Less to offer
Gender stereotypes
Organizational practices
Norms
Networking
Sexual harassment
Glass ceiling- video
<5% of CEOs female
Concrete ceiling
Sticky floor

9. GN v. GS Formal sector issues similar Lack formal sector jobs in GS
Fewer labor protections

10. Benefits of Decreasing Pay Gap
↑ GDP
↑ standard of living
↑ tax base
↓ harassment

11. Improvements Social Feminist movement Technology Contraceptives
Higher education
Recognizing sexual harassment

12. Improvements (cont.) Political - Policy changes Equal pay laws Quotas
Paid maternity/paternity leave
Preschool
School hours, year
Tax laws

13. Improvements (cont.) Economic Service sector Break stereotypes
Need to work
Business changes

14. Recap Formal v. informal sectors Pay gap
Decreases benefits
Social, political, economic changes
Sets up next sections