1. Enlightenment – 1600 to 1700’s “Natural Laws” … Niccolo Machiavelli
Scientific laws, principles that govern human conduct and society
Niccolo Machiavelli
 “[I]t appears to me more appropriate to follow up the real truth of a matter than the imagination of it; for many have pictured republics and principalities which in fact have never been known or seen, because how one lives is so far distant from how one ought to live.”

2. “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the government, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.”
-- Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of Independence (1776)

3. Renaissance

4. Scientific Revolution – 1500 – 1600’s
One of many scientists supporting “new way of thinking” about the universe …

5. The Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes & “Social Contract”
We give up rights for the purpose of order & stability
Supports “absolute monarchy.”

6. The Enlightenment John Locke & “Natural Rights” Montesquieu Rousseau
Rights that belong to all humans from birth
“Life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”
Montesquieu
Division of powers is best way to protect liberty
Rousseau
In the “state of nature” people are basically good

7. The Enlightenment “Best of all possible worlds.” “Te Deums” Voltaire
Outspoken critic of the Catholic Church and French government, the rich, the powerful, etc.
Writes Candide
Candide …
Pangloss … Syphilis
Cunegund …
Events
Conscription
Horrors of warfare
Holland and clergyman
“Best of all possible worlds.”
“Te Deums”

8. Salon Culture
Information gatherings to discuss ideas

9. What establishes Henry VIII and subsequent English monarchs as the head of Church of England?
Wants a divorce to get a
male heir.

10. Act of Supremacy (1534)
Granted Henry VIII and subsequent English monarchs to be the head of Church of England.
Wants a divorce to get a
male heir.

11. Many European kings believed that God had placed he or she in the positions of ruling certain countries, and therefore doubting the position of the king means doubting God’s decision. This is referred to as …

12. Absolute Monarchs Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor Philip II of Spain
Louis XIV
Peter the Great
Catherine the Great

13. Who was famously known as the “Sun King,” and who also built the Palace of Versailles?

14. Louis XIV (14th) of France (1643-1715)
Absolute monarchies …
Louis XIV (14th) of France ( )
“The Sun King” …
“I am the State” …

15. What famous battle involved the Spanish attempt to attack and invade England?

16. Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)
130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery.
A dramatic upset victory due to …
Weather
English naval
technology

17. Who was known as the “father of microbiology” and the first to see bacteria?

18. “Seeing the Invisible”
Video about …
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What are the major points in
the video?
Father of microbiology
First to see bacteria

19. Who was the first scientist to support the theory of the universe being heliocentric?

20. Copernicus 1543, Polish scientist, who is the first to propose …
“Heliocentric view”

21. Why is Galileo famous?

22. Galileo Galilei
One of many scientists supporting “new way of thinking” about the universe …
Supported Copernicus’s idea of heliocentric universe
First to see
moons & space
objects in detail.

23. Who founded the city of Quebec?

24. Samuel de Champlain Question: What is he known for?
Question: What is he known for?
** From the reading …
- Economic focus was …
- Jesuits and missionaries …

25. What battle led to the British victory in the French and Indian War (1754-63)?
Before the French & Indian War
After the French & Indian War

26. Geographical Consequences of French & Indian War
Before the French & Indian War
After the French & Indian War
1759 – Battle of Quebec
* , the was is expensive …