1. Sociology

2. What is Sociology?
The social science discipline that looks at the development and structure of human society and how it works (Transitions in Society, Challenge and Change)
Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. (American Sociological Association)

3. Sociology Subject Matter:
Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts.
All human behaviour is social so the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious cults; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture; and from the sociology of work to the sociology of sports. (ASA)

4. The Roles we Play
We all play certain roles in our society – Social Scientists refer to this as status
Status is the term used to describe our position within an institution
eg. Bluevale C.I. – There are many positions at B.C.I. ranging from teacher, vice-principal, guidance counselor, principal, student and superintendent – Can you put them in order on the hierarchy?

5. Hierarchy
Hierarchy is the ranking system used in any particular environment based on authority to power
Each position or role requires a certain type of expertise which is valued by society
In order to distinguish between these roles people are expected to dress and act in a certain way
On any given day we can play many different roles in society – eg. A parent can drive their kids to school and then go to work and teach their students

6. Rules, Norms and Values
Values – Society carries with it a system of values. A particular set of values are assigned to each role. The practitioners of these roles are expected to accept and internalize these values.
Norms – These are rules set out for a particular role that are considered standard behaviour (eg. Catholic Priests are expected to be celibate)
Rules – These are developed by cultures based on their system of values

7. Deviance
Deviance – Any behaviour that is different from the societal norm. It is deviant because we, as a society, do not accept it
Deviance can range from simple eccentricities to behaviour that harms society or is considered disreputable
“We must not say that an action shocks the common conscience because it is criminal, but rather that it is criminal because it shocks the common conscience. We do not reprove (denounce) it because it is a crime, but it is a crime because we reprove it” Emile Durkheim

8. Kingston Penitentiary
Rehabilitation
Sociology has formed a strong link with the justice system
A fundamental component of modern imprisonment is rehabilitation, or trying to re-educate and re-socialize inmates so that they can grow to accept society’s values and norms
Kingston Penitentiary

9. Schools of Thought in Sociology
Sociologists have debated among themselves about the real nature of society
As societies change and become more diverse sociologists need to consider cultural diversity when considering sociological issues

10. Structural-Functionalism
According to structural-functionalism, each society should provide its members with the fundamental requirements for functioning
A system must have a way of fulfilling material needs, a system for socializing and educating the young, a way of regulating human reproduction (usually marriage)
Structural-Functionalists believe their role is to try to explain the role of society’s systems in enabling human society to function
Structural-Functionalists do not concern themselves with change but instead with how society works to meet their needs

11. Neo-Marxism
Based on ideas originally proposed by Karl Marx ( )
Marx believed that economic power led to political power. This is the key to understanding societies
The struggle for economic power means that society is not static but ever-changing – social change is the result of a change made to the economic system
Therefore, if we want to understand society, we must understand the economic system in place
Neo-Marxists believe the economic system creates a rich class of owners and a poor class of workers
They also believe that social institutions (churches, schools, prisons etc.) have been created to perpetuate the division between the powerful and the powerless

12. Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionists believe humans have complex brains and little instinctive behaviour
This means they can interpret for themselves the stimuli they receive in their daily life and attach their own meanings to them
Eg. One person might pursue fame and fortune while a sibling might dedicate his or her life to charitable work in a developing country
It is essentially how we as individuals process and interpret what we observe in society, not society’s institutions, that form the core of our value system
For this reason, Symbolic Interactionists focus their research on the human mind rather than on structures in society

13. Feminist Theory
Feminist Theorists focus on sex and gender issues, believing that women have traditionally been disadvantaged in society because men have discriminated against them
They believe that men have made the decisions in society and that they tend to favour men.

14. Liberal Feminism
Liberal (or “Bourgeois”) Feminism, in which the claim of women for equal rights is seen in the context of a general opposition to various forms of oppression and discrimination, independently of other political convictions. Liberal feminism tends to emphasise social policy to open up professional, better-paid and prestigious jobs to women and the elimination of laws discriminating against the political, property and social rights of women (encyclopedia of Marxism)

15. Marxian Feminism
Marxian Feminists believe that women’s unpaid and undervalued domestic work has made it possible for industrial owners to pay lower wages to male workers.
They also believe that the continuation of lower paid jobs has enabled the dominant class (the capitalists) to retains their control

16. Radical Feminism
Radical Feminists believe that their natural child bearing role has led to a systematic oppression by men
They believe they live in a patriarchal society in which men dominate most of the institutions and are so entrenched that women cannot break in to these fields

17. Socialist Feminism
Socialist Feminists try to separate issues of oppression that are the result of the patriarchy which is a result of capitalism

18. Inclusionism
Inclusionists recognized that conflict could take place in a society between ethnic, racial and religious groups as well as between economic classes
Before WWII, most sociologists took an assimilationist view of race believing the cultural majority would eventually absorb the minority (melting pot)
In the late 1960s however, changing immigration policies changed all this as large numbers of immigrants moved to places like Canada to live

19. Sociology and Social Change
Sociologists focus on the major shifts in attitudes and behaviours of groups and whole societies. They see change as an inevitable process.
How does social change come about?
Is it patterned and predictable, or arbitrary and irregular?

20. Early Ideas Explaining Social Change
Decay: All societies begin in an ideal state and change is caused by disintegration or decline.
Ex. A move away from spirituality towards materialism is making our society less able to provide for and protect our citizens.
Cycles of Growth and Decay: Societies don’t head inevitably towards decay, but go through cycles of growth and decay. A variation of the first theory.
Progress: Each new society builds on the ideas and experiences of its predecessors, and social institutions change as a result.

21. Determinists
In the late 19th C., sociologists debated whether change was caused by a single factor, or by the interplay of many factors.
Those who believed that it was the result of one factor were called reductionists (cause of change can be reduced to 12 factor) or determinists (1 factor will determine the course of society)
Ex. Karl Marx – believed the struggle for economic power between social groups determined the nature of social institutions and the way they changed.
This raised the question, if change is determined by a single factor, why are there such variations between societies?

22. Modern Sociological Approaches
Human behaviour is generally patterned and therefore predictable. Sociologists tend to look to one or more of four aspects to understand the direction of social change in societies.
Direction of Change:
Is it positive or negative, and who decides? Important to consider the different opinions regarding change.
Rate of Change:
Slow, moderate or fast?
Radical change over a short period, or slow, gradual change?
Is the rate changing?
What factors are affecting the rate?

23. Sources: Controllability:
What factors are behind the influences of change in a society?
Exogenous – influences from outside the society
Endogenous – influences from inside the society
Controllability:
Can social change be engineered or controlled? Restricted or encouraged?
Ex. Hutterite society restricts social behaviour and contact with outside world and is therefore still very traditional.

24. Factors Affecting Change
Sociologists study some of the following factors when trying to understand social changes:
Tension and Adaptation
Accumulation
Diffusion of Innovations
Geography
External Events
Cultural Pluralism
Technology
Elite Groups/Leadership
Colonization
Capitalism
Minority Groups