1. Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition

2. What you need to know:
Major compartments of alimentary canal (organs) – and their contributions to animal nutrition.
Digestive glands: salivary, pancreas, liver, gall bladder – and their contributions to animal nutrition.
Digestion of carbs, proteins, fats, nucleic acids.

3. Essential Nutrients: required by cells, obtained through food
Four classes of essential nutrients:
Essential _____________ acids (8)
Essential _____________ acids
Vitamins (13) - fat-soluble, water-soluble
____________________

4. Table 41.1 Vitamin Requirements of Humans

5. Table 4.2 Mineral Requirements of Humans

6. Dietary Deficiencies
Undernourished: diet is deficient in calories, __________________________________
Malnourishment: missing ______________________________________
Herbivore licks exposed salts and minerals lacking in plants.

7. The main stages of food processing:
Ingestion: _________________
________________: breakdown of food into small molecules
________________ (chewing, grinding)
Chemical (___________________)
Absorption: cells take up ______________
______________________: pass undigested materials from digestive system

9. Digestive Compartments
Most animals process food in specialized compartments
Intracellular: digestion of food ____________ cells by food vacuoles
Ex. ______________, pinocytosis, ________
Extracellular: food broken down ______________ of cells
Gastrovascular cavity (simple) or alimentary canal (complex)

10. Intracellular Digestion: Sponges

11. Extracellular Digestion
Compartments are outside of the animal’s body
_______________________: simple animals; __________-opening, ______________ digestion (food in, waste out)
Digestion in a hydra

12. __________________ canal: more complex, _________________ tubes with mouth and anus

13. Specialized organs for digestion in Humans
Digestive system = alimentary canal + ________
Glands = salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
Q: Can you name the organs of the human alimentary canal in order?

15. __________________: push food through rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
__________________: valves regulate the movement of material between compartments
Digestion of Macromolecules:
Mouth = __________ (amylase)
Stomach = _____________ (pepsin)
Small Intestine = ________________________ _______________________________________

16. Digestion in the Mouth Oral cavity: mechanical, chemical digestion
Salivary glands: saliva _______________ food
Teeth chew food into smaller particles
____________________________: breakdown ___________________ polymers
Saliva contains ____________, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins
Pharynx: back of throat
Epiglottis: flap of cartilage, covers trachea when swallowing
Esophagus: food tube (pharynx  stomach)

18. Digestion in the Stomach
The stomach stores food and secretes ____________________, which converts a meal to acid _______________
______: pH 2, kills _______________ & _____________________ proteins
______________: enzyme (protease) that hydrolyze proteins into smaller peptides
Pepsinogen (inactive)  pepsin (active) by HCl
____________: protects lining of stomach
Gastric ulcers: lesions in the lining, caused mainly by bacterium Heliobacter pylori

20. Digestion in the Small Intestine
SI = major organ of _________________ and ______________________
_____________________: first section, digestive juices, major chemical digestion
Digestive juices:
Pancreas: bicarbonate (________), trypsin & chymotrypsin (_____________); lipase (_____); amylase (____________); nuclease (_____________________)
Bile: made in ___________, stored in ______________________________
Emulsify fats (make smaller droplets)

22. Hormones that coordinate digestion:
Gastrin: produced by _________________, production of gastric juices
Entrogastrin: produced by _____ (duodenum), peristalsis to allow time for fat digestion
Secretin & CCK (cholesystokinin): secreted by SI (duodenum), flow of digestive juices from pancreas & gall bladder

23. Absorption in the Small Intestine
Villi and microvilli _____________________

24. Villi  capillaries  hepatic portal vein  liver  heart
Liver: distribute nutrients, __________, glucose storage (_____________________)

25. Absorption in the Large Intestine
LI = _____________
Function = compact waste, ______________________
____________: pouch where SI & LI meet, ferment plant material
__________________ = extension of cecum, role in immunity
_________________: end of LI, feces stored until elimination

26. Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet
Dentition: _________ correlate with _________
Herbivores: longer alimentary canal, longer cecum

27. Mutualistic Adaptations
Many herbivores have fermentation chambers, where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose (ruminants)

28. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Vertebrates store excess calories as _______________ in the __________ and muscle cells, and as _____ in _____________ tissue
Overnourishment can lead to ______________
_____________: hormone, suppresses appetite

29. Glucose Homeostasis Stimulus: Stimulus: Pancreas secretes ___________
Breakdown _____________ & release _____________ into bloodstream
Pancreas secretes ___________