1. Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition

2. Types of Feeders Suspension feeders sift through water to obtain small food particles Fluid feeders suck nutrients from a host Substrate feeders live on their food sources Bulk feeders eat large pieces of food

3. Nutritional Needs

4. To function properly an animal needs to consume… Fuel. Organic raw materials for biosynthesis. Essential nutrients which can’t be synthesized through biosynthesis.

5. Fuel Animals synthesize ATP from other fuel sources and use ATP to power many bodily functions. Animals oxidize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in that order as fuel for ATP synthesis. Severe situations regarding fuel consumption are… –Undernourishment, a prolonged caloric deficit. –Overnourishment (obesity), a prolongued surplus of fat in a diet

6. Raw Organic Materials An Animal needs to synthesize complex chemicals needed to function. This is called biosynthesis. Carbon skeletons and sources of organic nitrogen are necessary to synthesize these molecules These are readily available in the environment

7. Essential Nutrients Essential Nutrients are important to bodily function but cannot be synthesized by the animal. An animal’s diet must provide these. –Essential amino acids: 8 different monomers necessary for protein synthesis –Essential fatty acids: Certain unsaturated fatty acids. –Vitamins: 13 different organic molecules which have a wide array of bodily uses. They can be either water soluble or fat soluble. –Minerals: Inorganic compounds Malnutrition arises when an animal lacks essential nutrients.

8. Regulation Glucose Regulation is controlled by the antagonistic hormones insulin and glucagon. –Insulin: Stimulates blood glucose levels to drop –Glucagon: Stimulates blood glucose levels to rise Hunger Regulation is controlled by four hormones –Leptin, Insulin, and PYY suppress appetite –Ghrelin increases appetite

9. Food Processing

10. Step 1: Ingestion of nutrients Step 2: Digestion of macromolecules Step 3: Absorption of monomers Step 4: Elimination of undigested waste

11. Types of Digestion Intracellular digestion occurs when food is digested in the vacuoles of cells Extracellular digestion occurs when some food is digested in designated cavities outside of cells. There are two types of digestive cavities –The gastrovascular cavity is a sac with a single opening –The complete digestive tract (alimentary canal) has two openings. Food only moves in one direction. This cavity contains more specialized compartments for digestion. Hydrolytic Enzymes break down polymers and are used in all types of digestion

12. The Mammalian Digestive Tract

13. The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus During chewing in the oral cavity, salivary amylase helps break down carbohydrates After chewing the tongue shapes the food into a bolus The food is swallowed into the Pharynx (throat) next –The Pharynx opens to the trachea and esophagus The epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing Peristalsis (rhythmic smooth muscle contraction) moves the food down the esophagus

14. The Stomach A sphincter called the cardiac orifice regulates entrance to the stomach. The stomach secretes gastric juice. –This mixes with the food to form acid chyme. The acidity of the gastric juice activates the hydrolytic enzyme pepsin The pyloric sphincter regulates flow of acid chyme into the small intestine

15. The Small Intestine The first 25 cm of this is the duodenum. In the duodenum… –Juices from the Pancreas buffer the acid chyme. –The liver secretes bile salts to help digest fats –The epithelium contains and secretes hydrolytic enzymes Structures in the epithelium called villi and their appendages called microvilli help absorb nutrients –In the villi are capillary beds and lacteals from the circulatory and lymphatic systems respectively –The lacteals drain into larger lymphatic vessels –The capillary beds drain into the hepatic portal vein of the liver

16. The Large Intestine (Colon) A sphincter in a T-shaped junction controls the entrance into the Large Intestine The colon reabsorbs most of the water which the small intestine left in the mixture Undigested material moves through the colon by way of peristalsis into the rectum –The undigested material is now known as feces and is soon discarded

17. Evolutionary Adaptations to the Digestive System Carnivores have developed sharper teeth while herbivores have developed broader and more rigid teeth Herbivores have developed longer digestive tracts Herbivores have developed symbiotic relationships with bacteria that digest cellulose