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Classifications of History
Prehistory Everything before the invention of writing Approximately 5,500 years age History Everything since the invention of writing
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Scientists Anthropologist Archaeologists
Study human characteristics such as: physical features development behavior Archaeologists Study prehistoric life through artifacts left behind by prehistoric people Artifact include objects that were shaped or changed by human hands.
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Stone Age Name given to prehistory
Divided into 3 smaller periods depending on differences in tool making techniques and developments in culture Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic
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Paleolithic Old Stone Age Ice Age
4 periods of cold climate Massive glaciers Ocean levels drop as much as 300 feet Creating land bridges between previously separate landmasses Beringia- form between Asia and North American Allow human migration throughout the world
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Man’s response to Ice Age
Move to warmer climate Find ways to keep warm Clothes & fire Not adapting resulting in death from starvation or exposure 1 million years ago– fire Clothes from hides and furs and later plant fibers Families, clans developed.
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Mesolithic Middle Stone Age
Beginning of the development of agriculture Domestication of animals Dogs and goats Inventions Bows and arrows Fishhooks Spears and harpoons
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Neolithic Develop around New Stone Age Permanent Settlements
Fertile soil Abundant water supply 30 degrees North Latitude
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Catal Huyuk One of largest Neolithic villages discovered so far Evidence of extensive specialization of labor and trade Jericho Why settle in settlements/villages/cities? Offer protection for defense Centers for trading Different skills/talents live together Why did Catal Huyuk enter their homes through their roofs? Believed that Catal Huyuk trade with others for peace
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Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution
A shift from hunting and gathering to food producing Crops varied depending upon climate and varieties of wild plants Cultivation of grain crops 9000 BCE wheat & barley SW Asia 7000 BCE root crops – sorghum & yams Africa 6500 BCE rice Yangtze River China soybeans & millet Huang He China Root crops- yams , taro & citrus SE Asia corn(maize) later beans, tomatoes & peppers Mexico 3000 Potatoes later maize and beans Andean – South America Why the Middle East? 1. water sources, fertile land, no forest to clear and lack of animals
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Agriculture Causes of Agriculture
Population increase because of climate change Big game animals decreasing
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Agriculture will begin in the Middle East and spread to other areas.
Did not happen at the same time in all places Why the Middle East? 1. water source 2. fertile land 3. not forested 4. lack of animals
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Agriculture require more work than foraging But had the advantages of
Producing more constant and substantial food supply Increase cultural contacts Produce significant population growth Enable others to work at other things rather than just farming Early cultivation left to women– hunting more physical and left to man
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Result of land ownership Development boundary lines
People begin to think in terms of ownership Need to protect their land , their water from invaders. Interaction between societies either through trade or conflict will start to become complicated. Result of land ownership Development boundary lines Rules of inheritance Development of Class structures Warriors/Rulers/Priests Farmers/Merchants Warfare as villages competed for resources
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Societies Foraging societies Small groups of people who traveled
Influenced by climate and food availability Hunters-gatherers No permanent shelters Tend to return to same areas year after year Organization – chiefs, leaders, religious figures Need for coordination- hunting and later warfare Division of labor Due mainly to physical differences Roles not seen as superior but just different Average hunter gatherer had to spend 4 hours a day in search of food Limit to how much the land can feed. Since they had no permanent shelters they had few personal belongings One square mile to hunt and gather for two people Tribes no bigger than 60. Concern about food running out. Strong kinship
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Pastoral societies Dependent upon the domestication of animals
Still nomadic– search for grazing areas and water Usually found in mountainous regions or areas of insufficient rainfall. Women have fewer rights, men control food production Power based on size of herd Difficult to become “civilized” More egalitarian
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Early Man Hominid 2.5 million years ago 1/4000 of earth existence
Classification of beings that include human beings and humanlike creatures that preceded them 2.5 million years ago 1/4000 of earth existence On a 24 hour clock- only the last 5 minutes 24 hour clock– man only around for the last 5 minutes
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Australopithecus Southern Apes Nomadic Shows no evidence of tool use
Physical characteristics Walk on two legs Bipedalism Forward pointing toe Single most important difference between humans and apes Opposable thumb Larynx- voice box
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Lucy Most famous Australopithecus
Discovered by Donald Johanson & Tom Gray (1974) in Ethiopia Name for song by Beatles “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” Most nearly complete skeleton 47 bones
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Homo habilis Person with ability Discovered in Olduvai Gorge
Lived along side of Australopithecus Discovered in Olduvai Gorge Dr. Kattwinkel Louis, Mary and Richard Leakey Nutcracker Man Oldest known to manufacture tools Also called Handy man
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Homo erectus A person who walks upright Discovery of Fire
First to leave Africa Africa to Asia and Europe Developed speech Speech one of humanity’s greatest achievements Enable people to work together To exchange ideas Pass on culture Homo erectus
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Homo sapiens Person who thinks Two main groups Neanderthals
Cro-Magnons
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Neanderthals Image portray in comic strips Used fire and tools
Advanced culturally Care for sick and aged May have been first to practice medicine Cover bodies of dead with flowers Buried in shallow graves with food , tools and weapons Headhunters Disappearance remains a mystery 1997 DNA tests on Neanderthal skeleton indicated not ancestors of modern humans
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Cro-Magnon More technically advanced
Big game hunt between 4-5 unrelated bands Cooperation led to rules Development of spoken language Increase in food results in increase in population Permanent housing Cave Art Ancestors to Modern man
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Cave Art Cave Paintings found in France, Spain and Africa Why?
Educational Reaching out to spiritual world For sake of art
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Lascaux Most famous site of cave art
Discovered by 4 teenage boys during WWII Leon Laval – teacher will open the cave to public Over 1,500 engravings and 600 pictures Only open 17 years- Paintings over 17,000 year old endanger so cave closed to public Endanger by carbon dioxide
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Great Hall of Bulls
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Painted Gallery
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Cities Myths Traditional Stories about
Over time some farming villages will evolve into cities Art of writing will develop in cities Writing considered to be the beginning of History Archaeologist believe writing developed among priests Use of written records grew to include Kings’ battle victories Legal codes Medical texts Astronomical observations Myths Traditional Stories about How the world was formed How people came into being What they owed their creator Creation myths have been found in every civilization
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Social Standing in ancient cities can be measured by the proximity to the center of the city.
VIP’s nearest the center of city Physical layout of ancient cities Center Religious and government buildings Near Center Ruling class residences Mid town Merchants residences Edge Artisans and their shops Outskirts Farmers, sailors, and fisherman
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Some cities will evolve into complex societies called civilizations
Location, weather and luck will determine if city will become a civilization
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First four major civilization all centered around a river
River Civilizations First four major civilization all centered around a river Nile Tigris and Euphrates Indus Huang He
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Characteristics of a River Civilization
Specialized labor Focus on different kinds of work Advanced technology Produce new tools and techniques for solving problems Form of Government Complex system of values and beliefs Organized religion
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Rivers provided challenges:
water supply transportation food supply from animals Rivers provided challenges: flooding irrigation Required organized, mass labor Construction and repair of canals and irrigation ditches
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Not all societies will form a civilization
Lack of sustainable culture Invaders destroyed evidence of some Natural disasters Volcanoes, Earthquakes, Disease
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Organized Central Governments
Central authority needed to control: Labor Storage of grain Dispersion of foodstuffs among population Early governments first led by priests Later controlled by warrior chiefs or kings
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Governments became more complex as new responsibilities arose such as:
tax collecting law making handling public works projects organizing systems of defense
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City states Many early civilizations were composed of loosely connected city states City state Urban center and agricultural land around & under control Sometimes several city-states with common characteristics will combine into one for a common good Example- protection At same time city-states will remain independent and often will compete with each other
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Trade Routes Search for new sources of materials will open up trade routes Side effect of trade was Cultural Diffusion Exchange of goods and ideas when civilizations come into contact Farming of certain crops Middle East> India> Europe> Nile Independent invention- inventing something new or used in a new way without any exchange from others Example- Nok people of Nigeria- smelting iron Farming- sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China
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Complex Religions Generally polytheistic
Many gods represented natural forces Others controlled human activities Priests and worshippers tried to gain gods’ favor through complex rituals and sacrifice Directed by unquestionable ruling class of priests King regarded as a god or as a god’s agent
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Polytheism Early people in awe of nature Totemism Shamanism Animism
Seen as a blessing / curse Gods often associated with nature Totemism Identification of self with various animal symbols Shamanism Identification with unseen spirit worlds Animism Belief that gods inhabit natural features Worship of ancestors and fertility
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Gods behavior vary with civilization
Greek and Roman gods- human behaviors Egyptian- benevolent and kind Sumer- gods feared
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Impact of Polytheism Played a major role on development of civilization Center of art and architecture Dedicated to Gods or made to appease them Complicated rituals will lead to the rise of a priestly class who will communicate between people and gods Development of rigid social class with priest at top Some city states will have separate gods as well as collective gods. Rise and fall of city states seen as dramas played out between earth and heaven Add validity to a city state’s claim for dominance when celebrating military success.
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Social Classes People ranked according to their profession Chief
Priests Nobles Wealthy merchants Artisans Peasants Slaves
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Priestly class is part of the beginning of social differentiation
Class structure based on specialization of labor Generated class differences Priests (“We talk to god, you don’t.) Aristocrats/warriors (“We have weapons, you don’t.”) Common people (“I guess we work...?”) Slaves (“Uh, oh!!!”)
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Job Specialization and the Arts
Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as: Bricklayers Blacksmiths Production of luxuries (Things You Don’t Really Need) Metal technology
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Created great architecture and art
monumental architecture pyramids, ziggurats, big cities huge temples and associated structures to fill the needs of a god-oriented state under the control of the priestly class
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Metal Greatly advanced development of tools and weapons
Copper BCE Bronze Age BCE alloy of copper and tin Will replace stone as chief material for weapons and tools Iron Age BCE First used by Hittites for weapons
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UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION
Civilization was not simply next inevitable step from Neolithic Age Many peoples remained at simple food-raising stage for thousands of years—without developing any sort of civilization Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their own China Indus River Valley Mesopotamia/Egypt Central America and Peru
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