1. Chapter 8
Second-Order Circuit
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2. What is second-order circuit?
A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential equation. It consists of resistors and the equivalent of two energy storage elements.
Typical examples of second-order circuits: a) series RLC circuit, b) parallel RLC circuit, c) RL circuit, d) RC circuit
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3. The Parallel RLC Circuit Second-Order Circuit Complete Response
The Series RLC Circuit
The Parallel RLC Circuit
Second-Order Circuit Complete Response
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4. 1. The Series RLC Circuit Eq.(7-33)
FORMULATING SERIES RLC CIRCUIT EQUATIONS
Eq.(7-33)
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5. To solve second-order equation, there must be two initial values.
The initial conditions
To solve second-order equation, there must be two initial values.
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6. ZERO-INPUT RESPONSE OF THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
With VT=0(zero-input) Eq.(7-33) becomes
Eq.(3-37)
try a solution of the form
then
characteristic equation
Eq.(7-39)
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7. In general, a quadratic characteristic equation has two roots:
three distinct possibilities:
Case A: If                               , there are two real, unequal roots                                           
Case B: If                               , there are two real, equal roots                            
Case C: If                               , there are two complex conjugate roots                                                          
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8. A source-free series RLC circuit
Special case: Vc(0)=V0, IL(0)=0 V0
V(t) tM
I(t)
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9. t > tM
tM>t>0
What happens when R=0?
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10. Second Order Circuit with no Forcing Function vc(0) = Vo , iL(0) = Io.
I. OVER DAMPED:
R=2 , L= 1/3 H, C=1.5F, Vo=1V, Io=2A
iL(t) = -0.7 e t +2.7 e t A
vc(t) = e t e t V
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13. II. CRITICALLY DAMPED: R=0.943 , L= 1/3 H, C=1.5F, Vo=1V, Io=2A
iL(t) = 2e t -5.83t e t A
vc(t) = e t t e t V
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16. III. UNDER DAMPED: R=0.5 , L= 1/3 H, C=1.5F, Vo=1V, Io=2A
iL(t) =4.25 e -0.75t cos(1.2t ) A
vc(t) = 2 e -0.75t cos(1.2t ) V
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19. IV. UNDAMPED: R=0 , L= 1/3 H, C=1.5F, Vo=1V, Io=2A
iL(t) =2.915 cos(1.414t ) A
vc(t) =1.374 cos(1.414t ) V
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22. For RT=8.5kohm, the characteristic equation is whose roots are *
EXAMPLE 7-14
A series RLC circuit has C=0.25uF and L=1H. Find the roots of the characteristic equation for RT=8.5kohm, 4kohm and 1kohm
SOLUTION:
For RT=8.5kohm, the characteristic equation is
                                                        
whose roots are
                                                                *
These roots illustrate case A. The quantity under the radical is positive, and there are two real, unequal roots at S1=-500 and S2=-8000.
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23. For RT=4kohm, the characteristic equation is whose roots are
                                            
whose roots are
                                                               
This is an example of case B. The quantity under the radical is zero, and there are two real, equal roots at S1=S2=-2000. *
For RT=1kohm the characteristic equation is
                                               
whose roots are
                                   
The quantity under the radical is negative, illustrating case C.                                              
In case C the two roots are complex conjugates. *
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24. In case A the two roots are real and unequal                                     and the zero-input response is the sum of two exponentials of the form
Eq.(7-48a)
In case B the two roots are real and equal                       and the zero-input response is the sum of an exponential and a damped ramp.
Eq.(7-48b)
In case C the two roots are complex conjugates                                            and the zero-input response is the sum of a damped cosine and a damped sine.
Eq.(7-48c)
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25. EXAMPLE 7-15
The circuit of Figure 7-31 has C=0.25uF and L=1H. The switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t=0. Find the capacitor voltage for t  0 for (a) R=8.5k ohm, (b) R=4k ohm, and (c) R=1k ohm. The initial conditions are Io=0 and Vo=15V.
SOLUTION:
(a) In Example 7-14 the value R=8.5kohm yields case A with roots S1=-500 and S2= The corresponding zero-input solution takes the form in Eq.(7-48a).
Fig. 7-31
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26. The initial conditions yield two equations in the constants K1 and K2:
Solving these equations yields K1=16 and K2 =-1, so that the zero-input response is
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27. The initial conditions yield two equations in the constants K1 and K2:
(b) In Example 7-14 the value R=4kohm yields case B with roots S1=S2= The corresponding zero-input response takes the form in Eq.(7-48b):
The initial conditions yield two equations in the constants K1 and K2:
Solving these equations yields K1=15 and K2= 2000 x 15, so the zero-input response is
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28. The initial conditions yield two equations in the constants K1 and K2:
c) In Example 7-14 the value R=1k ohm yields case C with roots                                  . The corresponding zero-input response takes the form in Eq.(7-48c):
The initial conditions yield two equations in the constants K1 and K2:
Solving these equations yields K1=15 and K2=( ) , so the zero-input response is
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29. Fig. 7-32
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30. In general, a quadratic characteristic equation has two roots:
three distinct possibilities:
Case A: If                               , there are two real, unequal roots                                           
Case B: If                               , there are two real, equal roots                            
Case C: If                               , there are two complex conjugate roots                                                          
Overdamped situation
Ciritically damped situation
Underdamped situation
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31. 2. The Parallel RLC Circuit
FORMULATING PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT EQUATIONS
Eq. 7-55
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32. The initial conditions
Equation(7-55) is second-order linear differential equation of the same form as the series RLC circuit equation in Eq.(7-33). In fact, if we interchange the following quantities:
we change one equation into the other. The two circuits are duals, which means that the results developed for the series case apply to the parallel circuit with the preceding duality interchanges.
The initial conditions
iL(0)=Io and
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33. set iN=0 in Eq.(7-55) and obtain a homogeneous equation in the inductor current:
A trial solution of the form IL=Kest leads to the characteristic equation
Eq. 7-56
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34. There are three distinct cases:
Case A: If (GNL)2-4LC>0, there are two unequal real roots and the zero-input response is the overdamped form
Case B: (GNL)2-4LC=0, there are two real equal roots and the zero-input response is the critically damped form
Case C:(GNL)2-4LC<0, there are two complex, conjugate roots and the zero-input response is the underdamped form
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35. From Eq.(7-56) the circuit characteristic equation is
EXAMPLE 7-16
In a parallel RLC circuit RT=1/GN=500ohm, C=1uF, L=0.2H. The initial conditions are Io=50 mA and Vo=0. Find the zero-input response of inductor current, resistor current, and capacitor voltage
SOLUTION:
From Eq.(7-56) the circuit characteristic equation is
                                                                                           
The roots of the characteristic equation are
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36. Evaluating this expression at t=0 yields
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38. (a) Find the initial conditions at t=0
EXAMPLE 7-17
The switch in Figure 7-34 has been open for a long time and is closed at t=0
(a) Find the initial conditions at t=0
(b) Find the inductor current for t0
(c) Find the capacitor voltage and current through the switch for t   0
Fig. 7-34
SOLUTION:
(a) For t<0 the circuit is in the dc steady state                   
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39. The roots of this equation are
(b) For t  0 the circuit is a zero-input parallel RLC circuit with initial conditions found in (a). The circuit characteristic equation is
The roots of this equation are
The circuit is overdamped (case A), The general form of the inductor current zero-input response is
using the initial conditions
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40. The derivative of the inductor response at t=0 is
The initial capacitor voltage establishes an initial condition on the derivative of the inductor current since
The derivative of the inductor response at t=0 is
The initial conditions on inductor current and capacitor voltage produce two equations in the unknown constants K1 and K2:
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41. (c) Given the inductor current in (b), the capacitor voltage is
Solving these equations yields K1=30.3 mA and K2= ma The zero-input response of the inductor current is
(c) Given the inductor current in (b), the capacitor voltage is
For t 0 the current isw(t) is the current through the 50 ohm resistor plus the current through the 250 ohm resistor
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42. 3. Second-order Circuit Complete Response
The general second-order linear differential equation with a step function input has the form
Eq. 7-60
The complete response can be found by partitioning y(t) into forced and natural components:
Eq. 7-61
yN(t) --- general solution of the homogeneous equation (input set to zero), yF(t) is a particular solution of the equation
                                                                   
∴ yF=A/ao
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43. Combining the forced and natural responses Eq. 7-67
EXAMPLE 7-18
The series RLC circuit in Figure 7-35 is driven by a step function and is in the zero state at t=0. Find the capacitor voltage for t  0.
SOLUTION:
Fig. 7-35
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44. the natural response is underdamped (case C)
By inspection, the forced response is vCF=10V. In standard format the homogeneous equation is
the natural response is underdamped (case C)
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45. The constants K1 and K2 are determined by the initial conditions.
These equations yield K1= -10 and K2= The complete response of the capacitor voltage step response is
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46. General second-order circuit
Steps:
Set a second-order differential equation
Find the natural response yN(t) from the homogeneous equation (input set to zero)
Find a particular solution yF(t) of the equation
Determine K1 and K2 by the initial conditions
Yield the required response
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47. Summary
Circuits containing linear resistors and the equivalent of two energy storage elements are described by second-order differential equations in which the dependent variable is one of the state variables. The initial conditions are the values of the two state variables at t=0.
The zero-input response of a second-order circuit takes different forms depending on the roots of the characteristic equation. Unequal real roots produce the overdamped response, equal real roots produce the critically damped response, and complex conjugate roots produce underdamped responses.
Computer-aided circuit analysis programs can generate numerical solutions for circuit transient responses. Some knowledge of analytical methods and an estimate of the general form of the expected response are necessary to use these analysis tools.
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