1. Beginnings of the Global Age
Europe, Africa, Asia

2. Search for Spices
1400’s
Other countries wanted trade controlled by Italy and Arabs for three centuries
New technology – compass, faster ships, astrolabe, better mapmaking skills made traveling by ship easier, safer
Most valued item spices
Look for quicker route to Asia
Cheaper to eliminate middleman
Renaissance curiosity

3. Traditional Eurasian Trade Routes

4. Portugal
Early 1400’s Prince Henry sponsors voyages to Asia around Africa
Wanted wealth, convert others to Christianity
1488 Dias rounded S. Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

5. Portugal 1497 Vasco da Gama sails to India
Took spices back to Portugal, voyage profitable
1502 took four ships, signed trade treaty with ruler of Calcutta
Portugal control key ports around Indian Ocean
Become a world power

6. Spain 1492 King and Queen of Spain sponsor voyage by Columbus
bring wealth and prestige to Spain
Columbus –sail west across Atlantic to reach Indies, underestimated size of earth
Landed in Caribbean Islands, discovered new continents

7. Dividing Globe in Half Spanish want pope to support claim in new world
1494-Pope established Line of Demarcation (Treaty of Tordesillas)
Spain claim to all west of line, Portugal everything east
Line unclear
Other nations realize they needed to build own empires quickly
Dutch, French and English establish colonies in North America

8. Search for Direct Route
English, Dutch, French explore coast of North America look for “northwest passage” to Asia
1513 Balboa “discovers” Pacific Ocean claims all land around and ocean for Spain
1519 Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) looks for route to Asia
Sails across Pacific, killed in Philippines
1 ship, 18 sailors return to Spain first to circumnavigate globe

9. Africa
Portuguese set up forts and trading posts around coasts of Africa
Engaged in the slave trade
Kick out Arab merchants in East Africa
Did not explore interior
Slaves most valuable product in Africa
Slaves served on plantations in Americas and Asia

10. European Slave Trade Relied on Africans to take slaves
Most slaves from West Africa
Traded for European goods
Slaves filled need for cheap labor in Americas

11. European Slave Trade Some African leaders resisted slave trade
Affonso I of Kongo
Slave traders found new ways to get slaves to markets
New tribes gained power as slave traders (Asante)
Depopulated areas of Africa

12. European Presence in Africa
Portuguese power declined- replaced by French, British, Dutch
1652 Dutch established colony southern tip of Africa (Cape Town), supply ships
Dutch colonists called Boers

13. Europeans in Asia Main purpose was to control the spice trade
Portuguese defeat Mughal Empire, massacre Muslims
Establish trading posts
Most of 1500’s control spice trade
Dutch first Europeans to challenge Portuguese

14. Europeans in Asia Dutch Dutch ships return with spices (1599)
1602 Dutch East India Company formed
had full power of government
raise army, make treaties
take Spice Islands from Port.
Better financed
establish ties with local rulers

16. Spain and the Philippines
Claimed by Magellan 1521
Converted to Catholicism
Base to trade with China
Silver mined in the Americas used to trade for Chinese goods

17. India and European Traders
Mughal Empire powerful, looked down on Europeans
Did not see Europeans as threat
Permitted Euros. to trade along coast
Divisions between Hindu and Muslim weakened empire
French, English traders took power, made alliances with rulers
Used Indian soldiers- sepoys- as military
late 1700’s British dominate India

18. Europeans in China Ming and Qing Dynasties
Chinese saw Europeans as barbarians
Had no interest in European goods
Only wanted gold and silver
Europeans could only trade in Macao and Canton , end of the trading season they had to leave
European missionaries little success converting Chinese, good source of information about Chinese society

19. Japan Diamyo competing for power Accept Europeans at first
European firearms used to bring Tokugawa Shoguns to power
Eventually expelled all foreigners except Dutch
Dutch could trade from an island Nagasaki Bay once a year
Japan remained isolated for 200 years

20. Europe in the Americas
Mid 1500’s Spain conquered Mexico to South America
Established colonies across region
Controlled gold, silver mines, sent back to Spain
Spain most powerful nation in world

21. Spanish Rule in New World
Controlled trade- did not allow colonies to trade with any other countries
Smugglers, pirates, privateers traded with colonies, attacked treasure ships
Catholic missionaries- converted Indians, introduced European customs
System of labor- encomendia (forced Indian labor) eventually replaced by African slaves
Native population declined (25m to 2m within first 100 years)
European customs, traditions replaced Native American traditions

22. Portugal Treaty of Tordesillas gave them land is eastern S. America
Est. colony in Brazil 1494
Sugarcane, brazilwood main products
Imported African slaves to work on plantations (4 million)

23. North America English, French, Dutch settled most of North America
Did not have gold and silver of S. America
Agriculture (tobacco, cotton, sugarcane), furs and fish main products
French settled in present day Canada
English and Dutch along east coast of North America
All countries have colonies on Caribbean islands

24. Effects of Global Contact
Impact of the slave trade- decimated African societies
approximately 11 million Africans enslaved and forcibly moved to the Americas
Columbian Exchange- movement of plants, animals and diseases between the eastern and western hemisphere
Led to a population explosion in Europe after 1700

26. Effects of Global Contact
European colonies established across the world (spread ideas, traditions and culture of Europe)
Spread Christian religion across globe (mostly Catholicism)
Commercial Revolution
Growth of Capitalism- economic system where business is privately owned, goal is to make profit
Entrepreneurs willing to take risks led to spread of global trade to make more profit

27. Effects of Global Contact
Mercantilism- Monarchs wanted to make country stronger
Colonies provide raw material and market for manufactured goods
Need to establish colonies, have gold and silver
Needed to export more goods than import (balance of trade)