POETRY.

POETRY

POETRY A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and stanzas)

POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY POET The poet is the author of the poem.
SPEAKER The speaker of the poem is the “narrator” of the poem.

POETRY FORM FORM - the appearance of the words on the page
LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem STANZA - a group of lines arranged together A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day.

KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza
Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza

SOUND EFFECTS

RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem
Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern. When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

METER cont. FOOT - unit of meter.
A foot can have two or three syllables. Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. TYPES OF FEET The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. (cont.)

METER cont. TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed
Trochaic - stressed, unstressed Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines monometer = one foot on a line
dimeter = two feet on a line trimeter = three feet on a line tetrameter = four feet on a line pentameter = five feet on a line hexameter = six feet on a line heptameter = seven feet on a line octometer = eight feet on a line

FREE VERSE POETRY Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry.

BLANK VERSE POETRY Written in lines of iambic pentameter, but does NOT use end rhyme. from Julius Ceasar Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once. Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, It seems to me most strange that men should fear; Seeing that death, a necessary end, Will come when it will come.

RHYME Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. (A word always rhymes with itself.) LAMP STAMP Share the short “a” vowel sound Share the combined “mp” consonant sound Activity: Rhyme group game

END RHYME A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Hector the Collector Collected bits of string. Collected dolls with broken heads And rusty bells that would not ring.

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
INTERNAL RHYME A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. From “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe

NEAR RHYME a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme
The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH ROSE LOSE Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound) Share the same consonant sound

RHYME SCHEME A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.) Activity: Rhyme Scheme group game

SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash
A mighty creature is the germ, Though smaller than the pachyderm. His customary dwelling place Is deep within the human race. His childish pride he often pleases By giving people strange diseases. Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? You probably contain a germ. a b c

ONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ
OR sounds that imitate another sound “The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of each purple curtain . . .”

ALLITERATION Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick? Activity: Alliteration group game

CONSONANCE Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . .
The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words “silken, sad, uncertain, rustling . . “

(All share the long “a” sound.)
ASSONANCE Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. (Often creates near rhyme.) Lake Fate Base Fade (All share the long “a” sound.)

ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE:
“Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare

REFRAIN A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.
“Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

SOME TYPES OF POETRY WE WILL BE STUDYING

LYRIC A short poem Usually written in first person point of view
Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene Do not tell a story and are often musical (Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)

A frog jumps into the pond.
HAIKU A Japanese poem written in three lines Five Syllables Seven Syllables An old silent pond . . . A frog jumps into the pond. Splash! Silence again.

CINQUAIN A five line poem containing 22 syllables How frail
Two Syllables Four Syllables Six Syllables Eight Syllables How frail Above the bulk Of crashing water hangs Autumnal, evanescent, wan The moon.

SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET abab cdcd efef gg
A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. The poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

NARRATIVE POEMS A poem that tells a story.
Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems “The Raven” “The Highwayman” “Casey at the Bat” “The Walrus and the Carpenter”

CONCRETE POEMS In concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem. Poetry Is like Flames, Which are Swift and elusive Dodging realization Sparks, like words on the Paper, leap and dance in the Flickering firelight. The fiery Tongues, formless and shifting Shapes, tease the imiagination. Yet for those who see, Through their mind’s Eye, they burn Up the page.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

SIMILE A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.” “She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”

METAPHOR A direct comparison of two unlike things
“All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.” - William Shakespeare

EXTENDED METAPHOR A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.

IMPLIED METAPHOR The comparison is hinted at but not clearly stated.
“The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it.” from The Pearl by John Steinbeck

Hyperbole Exaggeration often used for emphasis.

Litotes Understatement - basically the opposite of hyperbole. Often it is ironic. Ex. Calling a slow moving person “Speedy”

Idiom An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says. Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.

PERSONIFICATION An animal given human-like qualities or an object given life-like qualities. from “Ninki” by Shirley Jackson “Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.

OTHER POETIC DEVICES

SYMBOLISM When a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else. = Innocence = America = Peace

Allusion Allusion comes from the verb “allude” which means “to refer to” An allusion is a reference to something famous. A tunnel walled and overlaid With dazzling crystal: we had read Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave, And to our own his name we gave. From “Snowbound” John Greenleaf Whittier

IMAGERY Language that appeals to the senses.
Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell. then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather . . . from “Those Winter Sundays”

Parody

Literary Terms

Allegory: A story which has meaning on both the literal and figurative or moral level. e.g. “Young Goodman Brown” Scarlet Letter Star Wars

Alliteration: The repetition of sounds in a group of words as in “Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.”

Allusion: A reference to a person, place, or thing--often literary, mythological, or historical. The infinitive of allusion is to allude. e.g. Romeo alludes to the mythological figure Diana in the balcony scene.

Antagonist: A major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play.

Archetype: A character who represents a certain type of person. e. g
Archetype: A character who represents a certain type of person. e.g. mother/father figure hero/heroine the know-it-all

Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds as in “And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride. --Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee

Atmosphere: The overall feeling of a work, which is related to tone and mood.

Audience: The audience for a piece of literature may be a single person or a group of people. To what person or group is the text directed?

Blank verse: Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter
Blank verse: Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter. Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse.

Characterization: The means by which an author establishes character
Characterization: The means by which an author establishes character. An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue.

Climax: The point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak.

Conflict: The struggle in the story
Conflict: The struggle in the story. Traditionally, there are four main conflicts: person vs. self (internal) person vs. person (external) person vs. society (external) person vs. nature (external)

The repetition of consonant sounds as in
Consonance: The repetition of consonant sounds as in “The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free;” --The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Contrast: To explain how two things differ
Contrast: To explain how two things differ. To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different.

Couplets: A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem. Shakespeare’s sonnets all end in couplets.

Denouement: The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax
Denouement: The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax. It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolved. e.g. Romeo and Juliet’s families decide to build statues after their death.

Diction 1)Word choice. 2) The author’s choice of words. An author has the option of choosing any word from our language, why does he/she choose to use certain words and not others? In order to create a certain tone.

1)The definition of a word found in the dictionary.
Denotation 1)The definition of a word found in the dictionary. 2)Literal meaning of a word. 3) The verb form is “to denote” which means “to mean.” e.g. The word “indolence” denotes “laziness.”

Connotation 1)The definition of a word found outside of the dictionary. 2)Figurative meaning of a word. 3) The verb form is “to connote” which means “to suggest or imply a meaning beyond the literal meaning of a word.” e.g. The word “cool” connotes “an awesome or exciting thing.”

Claim What the writer wants to prove. Also called an assertion, position, or thesis.

Counter-claim or Counter-argument
An opinion that challenges the reasoning behind a position and shows that there are grounds for having an opposite view.

Dramatic Monologue: A poem in which the speaker reveals his or her character through an extended speech or a one-way dialogue. e.g. Browning’s “My Last Duchess”

Elegy: A poem mourning the dead.

End rhyme: Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respective lines—what we typically think of as normal rhyme.

Epic: A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figure e. g
Epic: A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figure e.g. Homer’s The Odyssey.

Fable: A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as characters e.g. The Tortoise and the Hare

Figurative Language: Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or fresh insights into an idea or a subject. e.g. Whenever you call something “cool,” you’re not talking about its temperature but referring to some other quality it possesses.

Foreshadowing: A technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story.

Free Verse: Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme.

Genre: A term used to describe a particular category or type of literature. Some literary genres are mysteries, westerns, and romances.

Hyperbole: An extreme exaggeration. e. g
Hyperbole: An extreme exaggeration. e.g. To say that it took you hours to walk home when in reality it was only 10 mins would be a hyperbole.

Iambic pentameter: Ten-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed. - ’ e.g. “With eyes like stars upon the brave night air.”

Imagery: The use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes. Most of the time, it refers to appearance. e.g. “Tita was so sensitive to onions, any time they were being chopped, they say she would just cry and cry; when she was still in my great-grandmother’s belly her sobs were so loud that even Nacha, the cook, who was half-deaf, could hear them easily.” --Like Water for Chocolate

Internal rhyme: A rhyme that occurs within one line such as “He’s King of the Swing.”

Irony: Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just the opposite. e.g. Saying that you love someone’s shirt when you really think it’s ugly is being ironic.

Literal Language: Language that means exactly what it says.

Lyric: A type of poetry that expresses the poet’s emotions
Lyric: A type of poetry that expresses the poet’s emotions. It often tells some sort of brief story, engaging the reader in the experience.

Logos: An appeal to the audience’s logic—common sense—in rhetoric.

Ethos: An appeal to the audience’s ethics—knowing right from wrong—in rhetoric.

Pathos: An appeal to the audience’s emotions in rhetoric.

Metaphor: A comparison of two unlike things using any form of the verb “to be”–-i.e. am, are, is, was, were. Ex: “This chair is a rock,” or “I am an island.”

Meter: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem.

Monologue: A long speech by one character in a play or story.

Mood: The feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage
Mood: The feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage. The mood may be suggested by the writer's choice of words, by events in the work, or by the physical setting.

Motif: A recurrent image, word, phrase, or action that tends to unify the literary work or that forms the theme in a work of literature.

Myth: A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena.

Onomatopoeia: The use of words that sound like what they mean such as “buzz,” “bang,” or “tic-tock.”

Paradox: a statement that is apparently self-contradictory or absurd but really contains a possible truth. e.g. Cowards die many times before their deaths. --Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar

The use of similar grammatical structure for effect.
Parallelism: The use of similar grammatical structure for effect. e.g. I came, I saw, I conquered. Also, a requirement in grammar to use the same grammatical form for cojoined ideas. e.g. We went biking, sailing, and hiking on our trip, not We went biking, sailing, and hiked on our trip.

Parody: A humorous, exaggerated imitation of a work of literature.

Personification:. Giving inanimate objects human characteristics. e. g
Personification: Giving inanimate objects human characteristics. e.g. “The wind howled through the night.”

Plot: The series of events that form the story.

Point of View (P. O. V):. The perspective from which the story is told
Point of View (P.O.V): The perspective from which the story is told. Narrators of stories can take on three points of view: 1st person= “I/we” 2nd person= “you” 3rd person= “he/she, they/them” Omniscient Point of view The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of all of the characters.

Prose: Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs that is not poetry. e.g. Novels and short stories are examples of prose.

Protagonist: The main character of a novel, play, or story.

Pun: The use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings. e.g. “Noticing the bunch of bananas, the hungry gorilla went ape.”

Quatrain: A four-line stanza.

Rhetorical Question: A question not meant to be answered but asked solely to produce an effect or to make a statement. The purpose to such a question, whose answer is obvious, is usually to make a deeper impression upon the hearer or reader than a direct statement would. Its effect is to make the reader stop and think about what is being asked. e.g. “How many times have I asked you to take out the trash?”

Sarcasm: Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just the opposite such as if it’s raining outside and you say, “My, what a beautiful day.”

Satire:. A work that makes fun of something or someone. e. g
Satire: A work that makes fun of something or someone. e.g. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” The Simpsons South Park

Simile: Comparing two unlike things using “like” or “as. ” e. g
Simile: Comparing two unlike things using “like” or “as.” e.g. “I’m as hungry as a pig,” or “Your eyes are like stars that brighten my night.”

Soliloquy: A monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them.

Sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter
Sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written in iambic pentameter. Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes. The most notable are Shakespeare’s Sonnets which employ the abab,cdcd,efef,gg rhyme scheme.

Stanza: A major subdivision in a poem
Stanza: A major subdivision in a poem. A stanza of two lines is called a couplet; a stanza of three lines is called a tercet; a stanza of four lines is called a quatrain.

Allegory: A story in which the characters represent abstract qualities or ideas. For example, in westerns, the sheriff represents the good, and the outlaw represents evil.

Alliteration: The repetition of first consonants in a group of words as in “Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.”

Allusion: A reference to something or someone often literary
Allusion: A reference to something or someone often literary. For instance, if you were trying to instill confidence in a friend and said, “Use the force,” that would be an allusion to Stars Wars. The verb form of allusion is to allude.

Antagonist: A major character who opposes the protagonist in a story or play.

Archetype: A character who represents a certain type of person
Archetype: A character who represents a certain type of person. For example, Daniel Boone is an archetype of the early American frontiersman.

Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds as in “Days wane away.”

Atmosphere: The overall feeling of a work, which is related to tone and mood.

Blank verse: Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter
Blank verse: Unrhymed lines of poetry usually in iambic pentameter. Plenty of modern poetry is written in blank verse.

Characterization: The means by which an author establishes character
Characterization: The means by which an author establishes character. An author may directly describe the appearance and personality of character or show it through action or dialogue.

Climax: The point at which the action in a story or play reaches its emotional peak.

Conflict: The elements that create a plot
Conflict: The elements that create a plot. Traditionally, every plot is build from the most basic elements of a conflict and an eventual resolution. The conflict can be internal (within one character) or external (among or between characters, society, and/or nature).

Contrast: To explain how two things differ
Contrast: To explain how two things differ. To compare and contrast is to explain how two things are alike and how they are different.

Couplets: A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem. Shakespeare’s sonnets all end in couplets.

Denouement: The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax
Denouement: The resolution of the conflict in a plot after the climax. It also refers to the resolution of the action in a story or play after the principal drama is resolved—in other words, tying up the loose ends or wrapping up a story.

Dramatic Monologue: A poem with a fictional narrator addressed to someone who identity the audience knows, but who does not say anything.

Elegy: A poem mourning the dead.

End rhyme: Rhyming words that are at the ends of their respective lines—what we typically think of as normal rhyme.

Epic: A long poem narrating the adventures of a heroic figure—for example, Homer’s The Odyssey.

Fable: A story that illustrates a moral often using animals as the character—for example, The Tortoise and the Hare.

Figurative Language: Language that does not mean exactly what it says
Figurative Language: Language that does not mean exactly what it says. For example, you can call someone who is very angry “steaming.” Unless steam was actually coming out of your ears, you were using figurative language.

First Person Point of View:
First Person Point of View: The point of view of writing which the narrator refers to himself as “I.”

Foreshadowing: A technique in which an author gives clues about something that will happen later in the story.

Free Verse: Poetry with no set meter (rhythm) or rhyme scheme.

Genre:. A kind of style usually art or literature
Genre: A kind of style usually art or literature. Some literary genres are mysteries, westerns, and romances.

Hyperbole: A huge exaggeration
Hyperbole: A huge exaggeration. For example, “Dan’s the funniest guy on the planet!” or “That baseball card is worth a zillion dollars!”

Iambic pentameter: Ten-syllable lines in which every other syllable is stressed. For example: “With eyes like stars upon the brave night air.”

Imagery: The use of description that helps the reader imagine how something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or taste. Most of the time, it refers to appearance. For example, “The young bird’s white, feathered wings flutter as he made his way across the nighttime sky.”

Internal rhyme: A rhyme that occurs within one line such as “He’s King of the Swing.”

Irony: Language that conveys a certain ideas by saying just he opposite.

Literal Language: Language that means exactly what it says.

Lyric: A type of poetry that expresses the poet’s emotions
Lyric: A type of poetry that expresses the poet’s emotions. It often tells some sort of brief story, engaging the reading in the experience.

Metaphor: A comparison that doesn’t use “like” or “as”—such as “He’s a rock” or “I am an island.”

Meter: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in the lines of a poem.

Monologue: A long speech by one character in a play or story.

Mood: The emotional atmosphere of a given piece of writing.

Motif: A theme or pattern that recurs in a work.

Myth: A legend that embodies the beliefs of people and offers some explanation for natural and social phenomena.

Onomatopoeia: The use of words that sound like what they mean such as “buzz.”

Paradox:. A seeming contradiction
Paradox: A seeming contradiction. For example, “It was the best of times. It was the worst of times.”

Parody: A humorous, exaggerated imitation of another work.

Personification:. Giving inanimate object human characteristics
Personification: Giving inanimate object human characteristics. For example, “The flames reached for the child hovering in the corner.”

Plot: The action in the story.

Prose:. Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs
Prose: Writing organized into sentences and paragraphs. In other words, normal writing—not poetry.

Protagonist: The main character of a novel, play, or story.

Pun: The use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings
Pun: The use of a word in a way that plays on its different meanings. For example, “Noticing the bunch of bananas, the hungry gorilla went ape.

Quatrain: A four-line stanza.

Rhetorical Question: A question not meant to be answered such as “Why can’t we just get along?”

Sarcasm: Language that conveys a certain idea by saying just he opposite such as if it’s raining outside and you say, “My what a beautiful day.”

Satire: A work that makes fun of something or someone.

Sensory imagery: Imagery that has to do with something you can see, hear, taste, smell, or feel. For example, “The stinging, salty air drenched his face.”

Simile: A comparison that uses “like” or “as” For example, “I’m as hungry as a wolf,” or “My love is like a rose.”

Literary Terms We will be using these literary terms throughout the school year. There WILL be literary terms used on your FINAL EXAMS in May!! You need to keep up with your notes. Don’t lose your terms! You might be able to use them – be RESPONSIBLE!!

We will use the following terms:
Character Antagonist Protagonist Diction Denotation Connotation Imagery Mood Plot Exposition Rising Action Climax Falling Action Resolution Conflict Flashback Foreshadowing Suspense Point of View Setting Style Theme Tone Figures of Speech Metaphor Simile Oxymoron Personification Alliteration

Character A character is a person or an animal that takes part in the action of a literary work.

Antagonist The Antagonist is a character or force in conflict with a main character, or protagonist.

Do you know your Antagonists???
On your paper take a few minutes to write down some Antagonists that you can recall from movies, television shows, and video games Remember the Antagonist is in conflict with the Protagonist or, main character! Helpful hint – you should now know why people use the saying “Don’t antagonize me!”

Protagonist The Protagonist is the main character in a literary work
Can you name some famous Protagonists that are found in literature?

Diction Diction is the manner in which we express words; the wording used. Diction = enunciation Some easy examples are: Don’t say ‘goin’ – say ‘going’, Don’t say ‘wanna’ – say ‘want to’

Denotation The denotation of a word is its dictionary meaning, independent of other associations that the word may have.

Connotation The connotation of a word is the set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. The connotation of a word can be personal, based on individual experiences. More often, cultural connotations – those recognizable by most people in a group – determine a writer’s word choices.

Denotation versus Connotation
Some examples – Cheap is “low in cost” (denotation) but “stingy” or “poorly made” are the connotations of cheap

Let’s use the word HOT The denotation (or dictionary definition – remember d in denotation = dictionary) of HOT is: having a temperature higher than that of a human body. However, when you say “Man! He/She is hot!”, are you saying “Man! He is having a temperature higher than that of a human body!”? No!! You are saying the CONNOTATION of HOT – which could mean a variety of things – man he/she is cute, attractive, beautiful, and many other meanings – those come from personal experiences and cultural meanings, etc.

Imagery Imagery is words or phrases that appeal to one or more of the five senses. Writers use imagery to describe how their subjects look, sound, feel, taste, and smell.

MOOD Mood, or atmosphere, is the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage. Writer’s use many devices to create mood, including images, dialogue, setting, and plot. Often, a writer creates a mood at the beginning of a work and then sustains the mood throughout. Sometimes, however, the mood of the work changes dramatically.

Plot Plot is the sequence of events. The first event causes the second, the second causes the third, and so forth. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, the plot involves both characters and a central conflict. The plot usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is introduced and developed. The conflict then increases until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. The climax is followed by the falling action, or end, of the central conflict. Any events that occur during the falling action make up the resolution.

PLOTLINE Climax Rising Action Falling Action Resolution Exposition
Conflict Introduced

Exposition The Exposition is the introduction. It is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and basic situation.

Rising Action Rising Action is the part of the plot that begins to occur as soon as the conflict is introduced. The rising action adds complications to the conflict and increases reader interest.

Climax The Climax is the point of greatest emotional intensity, interest, or suspense in the plot of a narrative. The climax typically comes at the turning point in a story or drama.

Falling Action Falling Action is the action that typically follows the climax and reveals its results.

Resolution The Resolution is the part of the plot that concludes the falling action by revealing or suggesting the outcome of the conflict.

Conflict Conflict is the struggle between opposing forces in a story or play. There are two types of conflict that exist in literature.

External Conflict External conflict exists when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, society, or fate. Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature

Internal Conflict Internal conflict exists within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. Man vs. Himself

Flashback A flashback is a literary device in which an earlier episode, conversation, or event is inserted into the sequence of events. Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character.

Flashback continued… The movie Titanic is told almost entirely in a flashback. What are some other films that contain flashback to help tell stories? Holes Willy Wonka Think of some more…

Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is the author’s use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

Can you think of an element of foreshadowing?

Suspense Suspense is the growing interest and excitement readers experience while awaiting a climax or resolution in a work of literature. It is a feeling of anxious uncertainty about the outcome of events. Writers create suspense by raising questions in the minds of their readers.

Point of View Point of View is the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told. It is the relationship of the narrator to the story. First-person is told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. Third-person limited point of view is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters.

Setting The setting of a literary work is the time and place of the action. The setting includes all the details of a place and time – the year, the time of day, even the weather. The place may be a specific country, state, region, community, neighborhood, building, institution, or home. Details such as dialect, clothing, customs, and modes of transportation are often used to establish setting. In most stories, the setting serves as a backdrop – a context in which the characters interact. The setting of a story often helps to create a particular mood, or feeling.

Style Style is the distinctive way in which an author uses language. Word choice, phrasing, sentence length, tone, dialogue, purpose, and attitude toward the audience and subject can all contribute to an author’s writing style.

Theme The theme of a literary work is its central message, concern, or purpose. A theme can usually be expressed as a generalization, or general statement, about people or life. The theme may be stated directly by the writer although it is more often presented indirectly. When the theme is stated indirectly, the reader must figure out the theme by looking carefully at what the work reveals about the people or about life.

Tone Tone is a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tone may be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke and emotional response from the reader. For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.

Figures of Speech A figure of speech is a specific device or kind of figurative language, such as hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, or understatement. Figurative language is used for descriptive effect, often to imply ideas indirectly. It is not meant to be taken literally. Figurative language is used to state ideas in vivid and imaginative ways.

Metaphor A Metaphor is a type of speech that compares or equates two or more things that have something in common. A metaphor does NOT use like or as. Example: Life is a bowl of cherries.

Literary Devices! Fun to be had by all.

Idiom: A phrase that can be traced to a specific area.
Examples: “I have a bone to pick with her!” “High five!” “He woke up on the wrong side of the bed.” “The early bird gets the worm.”

Idiom Pop Quiz See if you can determine what these idioms are really saying. On your paper, replace the bolded words with the actual meaning and see if they make more sense!

1) He was all ears when his boss called.
2) She was just a chip off the old block. 3) His comments threw a wet blanket on the discussion. 4) They were beat after a hard day’s work. 5) After the manager quit, they were all in the same boat.

Mood vs. Tone What’s the difference?
Tone: The author’s attitude towards what he is writing about. Mood: The emotions the reader feels. Usually a result of the author’s tone, however not always the same. One piece of literature can evoke several moods among readers based on the reader’s own experience.

For Example… Imagine you are a normal teenager like Cary Ramos: Cary

and to win the love of fair Alexandra you decide to write a love note…

Tone = Depends on the Author
The TONE of his letter is romantic because that is his attitude toward this subject. I love her!

However, the letter could evoke several different moods based on Alexandra’s experiences:
Disgust! Outrage! Romance! Intrigue!

Hyperbole Extreme exaggeration!
Exaggeration so extreme that many times the claim cannot possibly be true. For Example: - “Mom you NEVER let me go anywhere.” (chances are, she let’s you go SOMEWHERE…)

Try your hand at Hyperbole:
Check out this picture and see if you can complete this sentence hyperbolically. “My sister wears so much make-up…” Ex: “…she loses thirty pounds when she takes it off!”

Allusion Indirect of casual reference to another’s work.
The author assumes that the reader is familiar with the movie, book, song, or event he is referring to. Most times the author wants to apply elements the reader knows of the original piece to his own literary work.

For example… "The girl's love of sweets was her Achilles heel," referencing the warrior in Greek mythology, Achilles, who could only be harmed if something hit his heel because he was dipped in magic water as baby when his mother held him by a heel. Achilles' only weakness is his heel, so an Achilles heel reference means a downfall or weakness, in this example a weakness for sweets.

Works based on Literary Allusions:
Wicked, the novel and musical based on The Wizard of Oz

The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs, based on The Three Little Pigs fable.

CONFLICT where things get complicated…

The Four Types of Conflict:
Man vs. Man Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society Man vs. Himself

Man vs. Man

Man Vs. Nature

Man vs. Society

Man Vs. Himself Should I do my homework or check my myspace? Hmmm…

Theme This is the point the author is trying to make.
Often considered to be the “moral” of the story. Usually the author’s commentary about life, society, or human nature.

Connotation vs. Denotation
Connotation: the implied or emotional meaning. This may mean different things to different people. Denotation: The Dictionary definition. Although a word can have more than one definition in a dictionary, the meaning does not vary from person to person.

Understanding Connotation
Mother in the dictionary is defined as “a female parent,” thus making it the denotation. However, the feelings evoked by the word mother may be different for every person in the class. This is the connotation.

“Isn’t it ironic…don’t ya think?”
There are four different types of literary irony. The term “ironic” is often misused in everyday language. Read on and violate no longer!

The Three Types of Irony
Situational Irony: An event of outcome of events opposite to what was or might naturally have been expected. For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.

Dramatic Irony This is when one of the characters is unaware of important information that the audience is made aware of. For example: In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Romeo believes Juliet to be dead when she is merely asleep. This turns into tragic irony when he decides to end his life to be with her.

Verbal Irony The speaker or writer of verbal irony says one thing while INTENDING the reader to get a different meaning. For example, when using Sarcasm, the speaker says one thing but his tone implies another meaning.

How is this ironic?

And this?

Simile A Simile is another figure of speech that compares seemingly unlike things. Simile’s DO use the words like or as. Example: Her voice was like nails on a chalkboard.

Oxymoron An Oxymoron is a figure of speech that is a combination of seemingly contradictory words. Examples: Same difference Pretty ugly Roaring silence

Personification Personification is a figure of speech in which an animal, object, force of nature, or idea is given human qualities or characteristics. Example: Tears began to fall from the dark clouds.

Alliteration Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, most often consonant sounds, at the beginning of words. Alliteration gives emphasis to words. Example: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Soliloquy: A monologue in which a character expresses his or her thoughts to the audience and does not intend the other characters to hear them.

Sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter
Sonnet: A fourteen-line poem written iambic pentameter. Different kinds of sonnets have different rhyme schemes.

Stanza: A section of poetry separated from the sections before and after it; a verse “paragraph.”

Subplot: A line of action secondary to the main story.

Symbolism:. The use of one things to represent another
Symbolism: The use of one things to represent another. For example, a dove is a symbol of peace.

Theme: The central idea of a work.

Tone: The author’s attitude toward his or her subject
Tone: The author’s attitude toward his or her subject. For example, a tone could be pessimistic, optimistic, or angry.

Voice: The narrative point of view whether it’s in the first, second, or third person.

Subplot: The secondary action of a story, complete and interesting in its own right, that reinforces or contrasts with the main plot. There may be more than one subplot, and sometimes as many as three, four, or even more, running through a piece of fiction. Subplots are generally either analogous to the main plot, thereby enhancing our understanding of it, or extraneous to the main plot, to provide relief from it.

Symbolism:. The use of one thing to represent another
Symbolism: The use of one thing to represent another. Something that stands for something else. e.g. A dove is a symbol of peace.

Theme: The central idea of a work.

Tone: The author’s attitude toward the subject of the work
Tone: The author’s attitude toward the subject of the work. Usually positive or negative. e.g. The tone of a piece of literature could be pessimistic, optimistic, angry, or sarcastic.

Voice: The authorial presence in a piece of literature whether in the first, second, or third person.

Wohoo! (Yes, that’s an onomatopoeia.)
Literary Terms Review Wohoo! (Yes, that’s an onomatopoeia.)

Name that literary term!
“The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor.” I heard the swishing of her skirts as she walked up the stairs. "Some day you will be old enough to start reading fairy tales again.“ The pen is mightier than the sword.

Name that literary term!
"He was a remarkable Prime Minister with feet of clay". The less you have the more free you are. “My love is like a red, red rose.” Julie wears so much make-up she has to use a sandblaster to get it off at night. America is a melting pot. My desk is groaning underneath the mountains of papers to grade. I love it when my students cheat on their tests.

Imagery Use of words to create a sensory experience or image
Uses the 5 senses Ex: The family dinner was a “combination of boisterous conversation, badly burnt chicken, and the scent of freshly baked bread.”

Imagery Your examples: A sunset (sight) A bowl of ice (touch)
A song you love (sound) Be ready to share!

Simile Figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike things by using a connective word—like, as, than, or resembles “My love is like a red, red rose.” -Robert Burns “And the sudden flurries of snow-birds, Like brown leaves whirling by.” –James Russell Lowell

Simile The desks overhead sounded like the thunderous dancing of elephants. My eyes pooled like rivers during the wedding vows. Your examples: Anger tastes like . . . Kindness smells like . . .

Metaphor Figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without using a connective word such as like or as. Metaphors can be direct, implied, extended, or mixed Ex: “I am soft sift/ In an hourglass.” –Gerard Manley Hopkins

Metaphor “All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players in it.” -William Shakespeare America is a melting pot. How could she date a snake like that? Your example: fill in the blank with an object Friendship is . . . Education is . . .

Personification Gives human qualities to an animal, thing, or concept
The tree sighed sadly in the cold wind. The warm sun wrapped me in a blanket of peace.

Personification “The ruddy brick floor smiled up at the smoky ceiling; the oaken settles, shiny with long wear, exchanged cheerful glances with each other; plates on the dresser grinned at pots on the shelf . . .” --The Wind in the Willows Your example: Describe a place in the style above--giving a feeling to the place by adding personification.

Hyperbole Figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion or create a comic effect Ex: The limousine was as long as the Titanic. Julie wears so much make-up she has to use a sandblaster to get it off at night.

Hyperbole “At last the garbage reached so high
That finally it touched the sky. And all the neighbors moved away, And none of her friends would come out to play. And finally Sarah Cynthia Stout said, “OK, I’ll take the garbage out!” But then, of course, it was too late. . . --Shel Silverstein Your example: I laughed until . . . I was hungry enough . . .

Symbolism Represents something else and itself
Always actually occurs in the text, usually more than once, instead of as a comparison Common symbols: Rose Flag Rain

Symbolism “All this last day Frodo had not spoken, but had walked half-bowed, often stumbling, as if his eyes no longer saw the way before his feet. Sam guessed that among all their pains he bore the worst, the growing weight of the Ring, a burden on the body and a torment to his mind.” -J.R.R. Tolkien Your example: Come up with your own symbol that represents two different meanings.

Irony--3 kinds A deliberate contrast between two levels of meaning
Verbal—implying a different meaning than what is directly stated Different than sarcasm, which is much more direct and harsh Situational--the opposite of what is expected happens Dramatic—audience knows something that one or more of the characters does not

Irony—which kind? The beautiful woman lawyer walked into the courtroom wearing a visibly stained suit that frayed at the edges. “Oh, and there’s a thrilling shot of one of the kids being sick on a small fishing boat off the coast of Florida and we are hovering over him offering him salami and mayonnaise sandwiches. That one really breaks us up.”—Erma Bombeck Juliet is actually not dead, but asleep with the help of a strong potion. Romeo sees her lying in the tomb and kills himself because he believes her to be dead.

Irony—your turn! Verbal Irony--a teenager is being yelled at for being out past curfew. What does he/she say in reply? Situational Irony--You meet the man/woman of your dreams and expect to make a good impression. Instead, . . . Dramatic Irony--Think of a recent movie in which the audience knows something the characters do not.

Allusion Reference to a statement, person, place, event, or thing that is known from literature, history, religion, myth, politics, sports, science, or the arts Examples: "Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities".

Allusion Ex: The students were sure that their teacher had drunk from the river Styx because of her complete inattention to their pranks. Your example—think of a recent example you’ve heard or seen in which someone references a well-known work

Metonymy Type of symbolism or naming in which the name of something is replaced with something closely associated with it Ex: The White House issued a statement regarding the recent economic downturn. What do these metonymies represent? The throne The Kremlin Time to “hit the books”

Metonymy Create your own metonymy! Decide what thing closely associated with school should represent it. Then use it in a sentence about school.

Paradox A statement that appears to be contradictory, but actually expresses a truth Ex: “Less is more” “Truth must dazzle gradually/Or every man be blind” -Emily Dickinson “Success is counted sweetest/By those who ne’er succeed” -Emily Dickinson “It is in giving that we receive” -Francis of Assisi

Paradox “Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t” -Polonius in Hamlet Write your own paradox! Humans are the best examples of paradoxes. Think of someone you know who has seemingly opposite characteristics that make sense and are true. Mrs. Bell is rarely on time and yet chose a career that is governed by time and a bell schedule.

Oxymoron Figure of speech which seems to be self contradictory, but is actually true; a compressed paradox Ex: Romeo describes love using several oxymorons, such as “cold fire,” “feather of lead” and “sick health” Ex: She had a terrible beauty. There was a deafening silence. Create your own oxymoron using this same adjective-noun form.

Allegory A constant set of symbols operating on two levels in a story
Ex: Plato’s Allegory of the Cave--People are chained in a cave and think that the shadows they see are truth. When people break free, they leave the cave and see things as they truly are. Ex: “Young Goodman Brown” ignores warning of his wife Faith, travels into the forest and meets a man with a snake staff and witches. He loses his faith.

Satire Genre of comedy ridiculing human faults such as vanity, hypocrisy, stupidity, and greed--the aim is to evoke laughter, to expose and criticize Ex: Anything on Saturday Night Live or The Daily Show Austin Powers--ridicules the spy movies and heroes Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” in which he proposes a solution to the problem of over-population in Ireland--the children of the poor should be a food source for the rich Think of an example you’ve seen in pop culture and explain what it ridicules

Point of View The identity of the narrative voice; the person or entity through whom the reader experiences the story. First-person is narrated by a character in the story or a direct observer). Second person style which addresses the reader as you, hoping to make you identify with the character Third-person Omniscient knows all about all the characters and is only limited by what she may want to tell you. Third-person Limited describes a narrator who knows everything but only follows the point of view of one particular character.

Point of View Which point of view are each of the following?
1. Mary's uncertainty cut like a knife in my gut. 2. Mary's uncertainty cut like a knife in John's gut. 3. You know how uncertainty can cut like a knife? 4. Mary’s uncertainty cut like a knife in John’s gut, froze her mother in shock and made the entire room stand still. Create your own example of third person omniscient, giving one of your characters ant bites.

Poetry Collection Ms. Luchik

Five Senses Poem Formula Line 1: Tell what color the abstraction is
Line 2: Tell what the abstraction sounds like Line 3: Tell what the abstraction tastes like Line 4: Tell what the abstraction smells like Line 5: Tell what the abstraction looks like Line 6: Tell what the abstraction makes you feel

Five Senses Poem Example: Problems are black.
They sound like children crying. They taste of castor oil. And smell like spinach. They look like monsters. They make you feel unwanted.

Diamante’ Poem Formula Line 1: one word, subject of poem
Line 2: two words, adjectives describing subject Line 3: three words, participles (-ing verbs) Line 4: four words related to subject (For lines 5-7, describe opposite/antonym of subject) Line 5: three words, participles (-ing verbs) Line 6: two words, adjectives describing opposite of subject Line 7: one word, opposite/antonym of subject in Line 1

Diamante’ Poem Example Love Happy, secure Dreaming, talking, loving
Husband, wife, children, home Quarreling, loathing, degrading Angry, mad Hate

Cinquain Poem Formula Line 1: one word, subject of poem
Line 2: two words, description of subject (adjectives) Line 3: three words, participles (-ing verbs), actions Line 4: four words, simile describing feelings about subject Line 5: one word, synonym for subject

Cinquain Poem Example Feather Purple, unpredictable
Wiggling, wobbling, plummeting Wild as an angry bumblebee Plume

Color Poem Color (title) Color is describe looks, describe looks,
and feels like describe feel. Color is the taste of describe taste. Describe smell and describe smell smell color. Describe how color makes you feel makes me feel color. Color is the sound of describe sound and describe sound. Color is place that reminds you of color, place that reminds you of color, and place that reminds you of color. Experience that makes you feel this color is color. Experience that makes you feel this color is also color. Color is anything you want for this line.

Color Poem Example Turquoise
Turquoise is magic, manatees, and silly putty. Turquoise is the taste of sherbert. Juicy pears and the desert smell turquoise. A cleared mind makes me feel turquoise. Turquoise sounds of splashing paint and tubas. Turquoise is Yashiro, a calm pool of water, and a coral reef. Painting is turquoise. Making new friends is turquoise. Turquoise is having siblings.

Anagram Formula: Each line of an anagram begins with a letter of the subject and should describe the subject. Example: Apple picking Umbrella bent by the wind Toasting marshmallows over an open fire Unequaled beauty Many colored leaves North winds chill me to the bone

Build-A-Poem Formula Line 1: one word, topic Line 2: two words, colors
Line 3: three words, adjectives Line 4: four words, participles (-ing verbs) Line 5: five words, a sentence about your feelings or experiences

Build-A-Poem Example: Fall yellow, orange shiny, wet, windy
raining, changing, playing, falling The days grow too short.

Haiku Formula: A haiku has three lines. Typically, the topic is nature. Line 1 should have five syllables, line 2 should have seven syllables, and line 3 should have five syllables. (5-7-5)

Haiku Example: Most cannot see it. It’s intertwined and complex.
A beauty in dew.

8-line Rhyme Poem Line 1________________________
Lines 2 & 4 should have end rhyme. Lines 6 & 8 should have end rhyme.

8-line Rhyme Poem Example: Weird-Bird by Shel Silverstein
Birds are flyin’ south for winter. Here’s the wierd-Bird headin’ north. Wings a-flappin’, beak a-chatterin’, Cold head bobbin’ back ‘n’ forth. He says, “It’s not that I like ice Or freezin’ winds and snowy ground. It’s just sometimes it’s kind of nice To be the only bird in town.

Limericks Formula: A limerick is a 5-line poem meant to be humorous. The rhyme pattern is a a b b a with lines 1, 2, and 5 containing 3 beats and rhyming, and lines 3 and 4 having two beats and rhyming.

Limericks Example: A flea and a fly in a flue
Were caught, so what could they do? Said the fly, “Let us flee.” “Let us fly,” said the flea. So they flew through a flaw in the flue.

Limericks Quick Practice: There once was a pauper named Meg
Who accidentally broke her______. She slipped on the _____. Not once, but thrice Take no pity on her, I _______. (Can you guess which words go in the blanks?)

Painted Poetry Painted writing is a way of placing words on paper to give a visual effect to match the feeling of the writing. The shape expresses what the writing is about. Use strong, colorful language to describe the topic of the poem. Remember to think about your five senses.

Painted Poetry dancing and playing and hopping UP AND DOWN THE STREET.
THE HAPPY BOUNCING BALL CAME

FLAPPING, FLOATING, SWEEPING, SOARING, SLEEK AND SOFT, THE FEATHERY
Painted Poetry FLAPPING, FLOATING, SWEEPING, SOARING, SLEEK AND SOFT, THE FEATHERY FLOCK GENTLY BEATS ITS SILVERED WINGS IN SMOOTH RHYTHM... WITH HARDLY A SOUND.

dactyl a metrical foot consisting of one long and two short syllables or of one stressed and two unstressed syllables (as in tenderly)

anapest (an·a·pest) a metrical foot consisting of two short syllables followed by one long syllable or of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable (as unaware)

Mrs. Brown’s Guide to POETRY Part I

Part I Poetry Haiku Tanka Cinquain Diamante

Haiku Has three non-rhyming lines. First line has 5 syllables.
Second line has 7 syllables. Third line has 5 syllables. Often about something beautiful in nature.

Haiku Brisk spring and fall air New colors glance in my hair
X X X X X Brisk spring and fall air New colors glance in my hair As I watch in awe. 5 syllables X X X X X X X 7 syllables X X X X X 5 syllables

Haiku Let’s try one together: Title: 5 syllables 7 syllables

Tanka Has five lines. First line has 5 syllables.
Second line has 7 syllables. Third line has 5 syllables. Fourth line has 7 syllables. Fifth line has 7 syllables. Uses similes, metaphors, & personification.

Tanka Thunderclouds building Gathering strength as they grow
X X X X X Thunderclouds building Gathering strength as they grow Releasing themselves Pouring life-giving torrents Cleansing the world in shower 5 syllables X X X X X X X 7 syllables X X X X X 5 syllables X X X X X X X 7 syllables X X X X X X X 7 syllables

Tanka Let’s try one together: Title: 5 syllables 7 syllables

Cinquain Has five lines: Line 1: noun
Line 2: two adjectives describing the noun Line 3: three verbs showing the actions of the noun Line 4: a four-word phrase telling about the noun Line 5: repetition of the noun or use of a synonym for the noun

Cinquain Sneakers White, squeaky Running, jumping, skipping
They cover my feet Nike noun 2 adjectives 3 verbs 4-word phrase synonym for noun

Cinquain Let’s try one together: noun 2 adjectives 3 verbs
4-word phrase synonym for noun

Diamante Diamond-shaped poem with 7 lines: Line 1: 1 NOUN-A
Line 2: 2 ADJECTIVES-A Line 3: 3 GERUNDS-A (verb + -ing) Line 4: 2 NOUNS-A + 2 NOUNS-B Line 5: 3 GERUNDS-B (verb + -ing) Line 6: 2 ADJECTIVES-B Line 7: 1 NOUN-B

Diamante Winter Rainy, cold Skiing, skating, sledding
Mountains, wind, breeze, ocean Swimming, surfing, scuba diving Sunny, hot Summer 1 noun A 2 adjectives A 3 verbs + -ing A 2 nouns A + 2 nouns B 3 verbs + -ing B 2 adjectives B 1 noun B

Diamante Let’s try one together: Title: 1 noun A 2 adjectives A
3 verbs + -ing A 2 nouns A + 2 nouns B 3 verbs + -ing B 2 adjectives B 1 noun B

Mrs. Brown’s Guide to POETRY Part II

Part II Poetry Bio Poem Simile Poem ABC Poem Limerick

Bio Poem Bio poetry gives basic information about a person in a poetic form. Bio is short for biography which is a story written about a person’s life.

Bio Poem Line 1: Your first name only
Line 2: Four traits that describe you (adjectives) Line 3: Wishes to… Line 4: Dreams of… Line 5: Wants to… Line 6: Who wonders… Line 7: Who fears… Line 8: Who likes… Line 9: Who loves… Line 10: Who wants to see… (3 things) Line 11: Who resides in… (name of your city) Line 10: Your last name only

Bio Poem Dana Woman, Teacher, Mother, Happy Wishes to see Oprah
Dreams of winning the lottery Wants to travel Who wonders what her children will do when they get older Who fears roller coasters Who likes scrapbooking Who wants to see Washington D.C., sunset in the West, the World! Who resides in Portland Brown

Simile Poem Uses the word “as” to make a comparison with the subject.
A statement then follows.

Simile Poem Summer is as hot as a cauldron with boiling water.
comparison statement Hurricanes are as destructive and angry as a mother tiger when it’s lost its baby.

Simile Poem Let’s try some together: comparison statement

ABC Poem Don’t always make good sense May be fun but challenging
Start with A and go through the alphabet writing a word for each letter

ABC Poem A Bad Cat Did Eat Falling Goat Hairs In Jamaica. Kitten
Littles Make Noises On Pianos. Questioned Raccoons Sing Tunes Under Vents With Xtra Yelling “Zunes”!

Limerick Five line poem Funny or nonsensical
First line often begins with “There once was…”

Limerick There once was a sweet little frog
Who lived by himself on a log. He saw a fat fly, And he said, “Oh my! I think I’ll go out for a jog.” Rhymes with 2 What happens? 2 short snappy lines How it ended? Rhymes with 1 & 2

Limerick There once was a farmer from Maine
Whose cow was in terrible pain He went to the vet To care for his pet But then he got caught in the rain. Rhymes with 2 What happens? 2 short snappy lines How it ended? Rhymes with 1 & 2

Limerick There once was a puppy named Prince,
Who guarded his owner’s back fence He barked at the man Who picked up the can Stealing garbage just didn’t make sense! Rhymes with 2 What happens? 2 short snappy lines How it ended? Rhymes with 1 & 2

Limerick Let’s try on together: 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- How it ended?
Usually begins with “There once was…” Rhymes with 2 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- What happens? Rhymes with 1 2 short snappy lines 3 & 4 rhyme How it ended? Rhymes with 1 & 2

English III Mr. Wallock POETIC TERMS

A reference to a historical figure, place, or event.
ALLUSION A reference to a historical figure, place, or event.

The teams competed in a David and Goliath struggle.
ALLUSION The teams competed in a David and Goliath struggle.

ANALOGY A broad comparison between two basically different things that have some points in common.

ANALOGY Aspirations toward space are not new. Consider the worm that becomes a butterfly.

SIMILE A direct comparison between two basically different things. A simile is introduced by the words “like” or “as”.

My love is like a red, red rose.
SIMILE My love is like a red, red rose.

METAPHOR An implied comparison between two basically different things. Is not introduced with the words “like” or “as”.

His eyes were daggers that cut right through me.
METAPHOR His eyes were daggers that cut right through me.

A great exaggeration to emphasize strong feeling.
HYPERBOLE A great exaggeration to emphasize strong feeling.

I will love you until all the seas go dry.
HYPERBOLE I will love you until all the seas go dry.

PERSONIFICATION Human characteristics are given to non-human animals, objects, or ideas.

My stereo walked out of my car.
PERSONIFICATION My stereo walked out of my car.

APOSTROPHE An absent person or inanimate object is directly spoken to as though they were present.

APOSTROPHE Brutus: “Ceasar, now be still. I killed not thee with half so good a will.”

A part stands for the whole or vice versa.
SYNECDOCHE A part stands for the whole or vice versa.

The hands that created the work of art were masterful.
SYNECDOCHE The hands that created the work of art were masterful.

Hints given to the reader of what is to come.
FORESHADOWING Hints given to the reader of what is to come.

“The stalwart hero was doomed to suffer the destined end of his days.”
FORESHADOWING “The stalwart hero was doomed to suffer the destined end of his days.”

The use of concrete details that appeal to the five senses.
IMAGERY The use of concrete details that appeal to the five senses.

Cold, wet leaves floating on moss-colored water.
IMAGERY Cold, wet leaves floating on moss-colored water.

IRONY A contrast between what is said and what is meant. Also, when things turn out different than what is expected.

IRONY “The treacherous instrument is in thy hand, unbated and envenomed. The foul practice has turned itself on me.” Laertes

The overall atmosphere or prevailing emotional feeling of a work.
MOOD The overall atmosphere or prevailing emotional feeling of a work.

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”
MOOD “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

A seemingly self-contradictory statement that still is true.
PARADOX A seemingly self-contradictory statement that still is true.

The more we learn, the less we know.
PARADOX The more we learn, the less we know.

PLOT A series of events that present and resolve a conflict. The story being told.

PLOT The plot of “The Most Dangerous Game” is that Rainsford is being hunted by General Zaroff.

The vantage point from which an author presents the action in a work.
POINT OF VIEW The vantage point from which an author presents the action in a work.

1st person-tale related by a character in the story. “I or me”
POINT OF VIEW 1st person-tale related by a character in the story. “I or me” 3rd person-story told by someone not participating in the plot. “he, she, they”

The repetition of identical sounds at the ends of lines of poetry.
END RHYME The repetition of identical sounds at the ends of lines of poetry.

END RHYME “He clasps the crag with crooked hands Close to the sun in lonely lands” from “The Eagle”

The repetition of identical sounds within a line of poetry.
INTERNAL RHYME The repetition of identical sounds within a line of poetry.

INTERNAL RHYME “We three shall flee across the sea to Italy.” Or
“Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour.”

SLANT RHYME A slant rhyme or half rhyme occurs when the vowel sounds are not quite identical.

“And on that cheek and o’er that brow” A mind at peace with all below”
SLANT RHYME “And on that cheek and o’er that brow” A mind at peace with all below”

SETTING The time (both the time of day and period in history) and place in which the action of a literary work takes place.

“Tiger! Tiger! burning bright In the forests of the night”
SETTING “Tiger! Tiger! burning bright In the forests of the night”

REPETITION The repeating of a sound, word, phrase, or more in a given literary work.

REPETITION “I sprang to the stirrup, and Jarvis, and he;
I galloped, Derrick galloped, we galloped all three”

The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words.
ALLITERATION The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words.

“Swiftly, swiftly flew the ship”
ALLITERATION “Swiftly, swiftly flew the ship”

ASSONANCE The repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant.

“. . .that hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.”
ASSONANCE “. . .that hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.”

CONSONANCE The repetition of consonant sounds that are preceded by different vowel sounds.

“Wherever we go Silence will fall like dews”
CONSONANCE “Wherever we go Silence will fall like dews”

ONOMATOPOEIA The use of words whose sounds suggest the sounds made by objects or activities.

“Blind eyes could blaze like meteors”
Other examples: buzz, hum, kiss ONOMATOPOEIA “Blind eyes could blaze like meteors”

SYMBOL/SYMBOLISM Something concrete, such as an object, action, character, or scene that stands for something abstract such as a concept or an idea.

SYMBOL/SYMBOLISM “Do not go gentle into that good night
Both phrases are symbols that stand for death. SYMBOL/SYMBOLISM “Do not go gentle into that good night Rage, Rage against the dying of the light”

The main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work.
THEME The main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work.

“Don’t judge a man until you’ve walked a mile in his shoes”
THEME “Don’t judge a man until you’ve walked a mile in his shoes”

CONCEIT Comparing two very dissimilar things. Usually involves cleverness and ingenuity.

“Our love is like parallel lines”
This is also a simile. CONCEIT “Our love is like parallel lines”

METONYMY A term naming an object is substituted for another word with which it is closely associated with.

“Only through the sweat of your brow can you achieve success”
“Sweat” stands for hard work. METONYMY “Only through the sweat of your brow can you achieve success”

A pair of rhymed verse lines that contain a complete thought.
HEROIC COUPLET A pair of rhymed verse lines that contain a complete thought.

HEROIC COUPLET “But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,
All losses are restor’d and sorrows end.”

Vocabulary Poetry

Repetition of initial consonant sounds
Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds Example: Sister Suzy sat on the seashore until suddenly she was swallowed by a shark. Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art

3. Ballad: A song-like poem that tells a story Blank Verse: Poetry written in unrhymed, iambic pentameter. Concrete Poem: A poem with a shape that suggests its subject Example: George Herbert’s Easter Wings and The Alter

6. Figurative Language: Writing that is not meant to be taken literally Example: He made me so mad I wanted to die. 7. Free Verse: Poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter

8. Image: Lyric Poem: Metaphor:
A word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses Lyric Poem: Highly musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker Metaphor: A figure of speech in which something is described as though it were something else Example: He is such a pig when he eats!

11. Mood: 12. Onomatopoeia: Personification:
The feeling created in the reader by a literary work 12. Onomatopoeia: The use of words that imitate sounds Example: The buzz of the bee was very loud. Personification: A type of figurative language in which a non-human subject is given human characteristics Example: The tree waved excitedly in the wind.

14. Repetition: 15. Rhyme: 16. Rhyme Scheme:
The use, more than once, of any element of language 15. Rhyme: Repetition of sounds at the end of words Example: Roses are red, violets are blue….. 16. Rhyme Scheme: A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem

17. Rhythm: Pattern of beats or stresses in spoken or written language 18. Simile: A figure of speech that uses like or as to make a direct comparison between two unlike ideas 19. Stanza: A formal division of lines in a poem considered as a unit My love is like a red rose.

20. Motif – Main or reoccurring theme.
21. Extended Metaphor – a comparison developed over several lines of poetry. 22. Pun – Double meaning

23. Confessional poetry – confession of an activity or an emotion.
24. Elegy – Pays tribute to a person (usually dead) 25. Imagist poetry – uses lots of images to paint a picture for the reader.

Humor Humor in poetry can arise from a number of sources:
Surprise Exaggeration Bringing together of unrelated things Most funny poems have two things in common: Rhythm Rhyme

Rhythm & Rhyme “The Porcupine” By Ogden Nash
Using more spirited language makes humorous situations even more humorous “The Porcupine” By Ogden Nash Any hound a porcupine nudges Can’t be blamed for harboring grudges. I know one hound that laughed all winter At a porcupine that sat on a splinter.

If you take away the rhythm and rhyme, the humor vanishes.
Any hound that touches a porcupine Can’t be blamed for holding a grudge I know one hound that laughed all winter long At a porcupine that sat on a piece of wood

Limericks A limerick is a poem of five lines
The first, second, and fifth lines have three rhythmic beats and rhyme with one another. The third and fourth lines have two beats and rhyme with one another. They are always light-hearted, humorous poems.

Limericks There once was a man with no hair.
He gave everyone quite a scare. He got some Rogaine, Grew out a mane, And now he resembles a bear!

Limerick About a Bee I wish that my room had a floor,
I don’t care so much for a door. But this walking around Without touching the ground Is getting to be quite a bore.

Another Limerick There once was a very small mouse
Who lived in a very small house, The ocean’s spray Washed it away, All that was left was her blouse!

Fill in the blanks and create your own Limerick.
There once was a _____ from _____. All the while she/he hoped ________. So she/he ____________________, And ________________________, That _________ from ___________.

The class Limerick: There once was a _____ from _____.
All the while she/he hoped ________. So she/he ____________________, And ________________________, That _________ from ___________.

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DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE A literary work which consists of a revealing one-way conversation by a character or persona, usually directed to a second person or to an imaginary audience. It typically involves a critical moment of a specific situation, with the speaker's words unintentionally providing a revelation of his character, as in Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess."

Enjambment A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next. An enjambed line differs from an end-stopped line in which the grammatical and logical sense is completed within the line. In the opening lines of Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," for example, the first line is end-stopped and the second enjambed: That's my last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now....

Falling meter Poetic meter such as trochaic and dactylic that move or fall from a stressed to an unstressed syllable. The nonsense line, "Higgledy, piggledy," is dactylic, with the accent on the first syllable and the two syllables following falling off from that accent in each word. Trochaic meter is represented by this line: "Hip-hop, be-bop, treetop--freedom."

Rising meter Poetic meters such as iambic and anapestic that move or ascend from an unstressed to a stressed syllable. See Anapest, Iamb, and Falling meter.

iamb a metrical foot consisting of one short syllable followed by one long syllable or of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable (as in above) –iam·bic /ī-'am-bik/ adjective or noun

Sestet A six-line unit of verse constituting a stanza or section of a poem; the last six lines of an Italian sonnet. Examples: Petrarch's "If it is not love, then what is it that I feel," and Frost's "Design."

“Design” by Frost

“Design” by Frost I found a dimpled spider, fat and white, On a white heal-all, holding up a moth Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth -- Assorted characters of death and blight Mixed ready to begin the morning right, Like the ingredients of a witches' broth -- A snow-drop spider, a flower like a froth, And dead wings carried like a paper kite.

“Design” by Frost What had that flower to do with being white, The wayside blue and innocent heal-all? What brought the kindred spider to that height, Then steered the white moth thither in the night? What but design of darkness to appall?-- If design govern in a thing so small. (This is a perfect example of sestet)

Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening
Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.

Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening
He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.

Onomatopoeia The use of words to imitate the sounds they describe. Words such as buzz and crack are onomatopoetic. The following line from Pope's "Sound and Sense" onomatopoetically imitates in sound what it describes: When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw, The line too labors, and the words move slow.

Onomatopoeia 2 Most often, however, onomatopoeia refers to words and groups of words, such as Tennyson's description of the "murmur of innumerable bees," which attempts to capture the sound of a swarm of bees buzzing.

dissonance/cacophony
A mingling or union of harsh, inharmonious sounds, often deliberately used for effect, as in the lines from Whitman's "The Dalliance of Eagles:“ The clinching interlocking claws, a living, fierce, gyrating wheel, Four beating wings, two beaks, a swirling mass tight grappling, In tumbling turning clustering loops, straight downward falling,

EUPHONY (YOO-fuh-nee)
The consonants considered most pleasing in sound are l, m, n, r, v, and w. The harsher consonants in euphonious texts become less jarring when in the proximity of softer sounds. Vowel sounds are generally more euphonious than the consonants, so a line with a higher ratio of vowel sounds will produce a more agreeable effect; also, the long vowels in words like moon and fate are more melodious than the short vowels in cat and bed. But the most important measure of euphonic strategies is their appropriateness to the subject.

TETRAMETER (teh-TRAM-uh-tur)
A line of verse consisting of four metrical feet, as in William Blake's "Tyger! Tyger!," or Byron's "The Bride of Abydos."

THE TYGER (from Songs Of Experience) By William Blake
Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire?

BALLAD The Ballad is a story told in song, often handed down from generation to generation. The story is frequently suggested by dialogue. (e.g. “Barbara Allan”)

“Barbara Allan” In Scotland I was born and bred,
In London I was dwelling; I fell in love wi' a nice young girl And her name was Barbara Allan, Allan, And her name was Barbara Allan. I courted her for seven long years, Till I could court no longer; I grew sick and very very ill, I sent for my own true lover, lover, I sent for my own true lover.

Slowly she put on her clothes,
And slowly she came walking And when she came to my bedside She said, "Young man, you are dying, dying," She said, "Young man, you are dying." "Dying my love that cannot be, One kiss from you could cure me;" "One kiss from me that never shall be, While your hard heart lies aching, aching, While your hard heart lies aching."

He turned his back towards the wall,
And his face to Barbara Allan, Adieu to you, and adieu to all, And adieu to Barbara Allan, Allan, And adieu to Barbara Allan. Look ye up to my bedside, There you will see hanging, A quinea watch and a silver chain And give that to Barbara Allan, Allan, And give that to Barbara Allan.

Look ye down to my bedside,
There ye will see standing, A china basin full of tears, And give that to Barbara Allan, Allan, And give that to Barbara Allan. She had not gone a mile or two When she heard the church bells tolling, And every toll it seemed to say - "Hard-hearted Barbara Allan, Allan. Hard-hearted Barbara Allan."

"Oh mother, you'll make my bed for me
You will make it soft and narrow; My love has died for me to-day, And I for him tomorrow, morrow, And I for him tomorrow." Her mother then she made her bed Wi' muckle grief and sorrow; She laid her down to rise no more, And she died for her own true lover, lover, And she died for her own true lover.

ELEGY poem of lament, praise, and consolation, usually formal and sustained, over the death of a particular person; also, a meditative poem in plaintive or sorrowful mood, such as, "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard," by Thomas Gray.

"ELEGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCH-YARD” By Thomas Gray (1716-71).
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds:

Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient solitary reign. Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap, Each in his narrow cell for ever laid, The rude Forefathers of the hamlet sleep. …

dirge A poem of grief or lamentation, especially one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites. In contrast to an elegy, the principle aim of the dirge is to lament the dead, rather than to console survivors.

The Epitaph Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown. Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth, And Melacholy marked him for her own. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere, Heaven did a recompense as largely send: He gave to Misery all he had, a tear, He gained from Heaven ('twas all he wish'd) a friend. No farther seek his merits to disclose, Or draw his frailties from their dread abode (There they alike in trembling hope repose), The bosom of his Father and his God.

Irony of fate Irony of fate is when a situation occurs which is quite the reverse of what one might have expected, as in Shelley's "Ozymandias."

ANTITHESIS A figure of speech in which a thought is balanced with a contrasting thought in parallel arrangements of words and phrases, such as, "he promised wealth and provided poverty," or "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times, " or from Pope's An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot: Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike,

PARALLELISM The repetition of syntactical similarities in passages closely connected for rhetorical effect, as in Pope's An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot: Happy my studies, when by these approved! Happier their author, when by these beloved! The repetitive structure, which is commonly used in elevated prose as well as poetry, lends wit or emphasis to the meanings of the separate clauses, thus being particularly effective in antithesis.

EPITHET An adjective or adjectival phrase, usually attached to the name of a person or thing, such as "Richard the Lion-Hearted," Milton's "ivy-crowned Bacchus" in "L'Allegro," or Homer's "rosy-fingered dawn." With epithets, poets can compress the imaginative power of many words into a single compound phrase.

ANTONOMASIA (an-tuh-no-MAY-zhuh)
The use of a name, epithet, or title in place of a proper name, as Bard for Shakespeare. The use of a proper name to designate a member of a class (as a Solomon for a wise ruler)

APOCOPE (uh-PAH-kuh-pee)
A type of elision in which a letter or syllable is omitted at the end of a word, as in morn for morning.

elision 1 a : the use of a speech form that lacks a final or initial sound which a variant speech form has (as 's instead of is in there's) b : the omission of an unstressed vowel or syllable in a verse to achieve a uniform metrical pattern 2 : the act or an instance of omitting something : OMISSION

elide 1 a : to suppress or alter (as a vowel or syllable) by elision b : to strike out (as a written word) 2 a : to leave out of consideration : OMIT b : CURTAIL, ABRIDGE

hi·a·tus n. hī-'ā-təs 2 a : an interruption in time or continuity : BREAK especially : a period when something (as a program or activity) is suspended or interrupted <after a 5-year hiatus from writing> b : the occurrence of two vowel sounds without pause or intervening consonantal sound © 2005 Merriam-Webster, Incorporated

APOSTROPHE (uh-PAHS-truh-fee)
A figure of speech in which an address is made to an absent or deceased person or a personified thing rhetorically, as in William Cowper's "Verses Supposed to be Written by Alexander Selkirk": O solitude! Where are the charms That sages have seen in thy face?

invocation When the poet addresses a muse or a god for inspiration, it is called an invocation.

ARCHAISM (AHR-kee-izm)
The intentional use of a word or expression no longer in general use, for example, thou mayst is an archaism meaning you may. Archaisms can evoke the sense of a bygone era. Spenser's The Faerie Queene contains a number of archaisms.

Dactyl A stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones, as in FLUT-ter-ing or BLUE-ber-ry. The following playful lines illustrate double dactyls, two dactyls per line: Higgledy, piggledy, Emily Dickinson Gibbering, jabbering.

Closed Form (opposite of free verse)
A type of form or structure in poetry characterized by regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern. Frost's "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" provides one of many examples. A single stanza illustrates some of the features of closed form: Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though. He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.

Connotation The associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning. Poets, especially, tend to use words rich in connotation. Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" includes intensely connotative language.

DO NOT GO GENTLE INTO THAT GOOD NIGHT
Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rage at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

By Dylan Thomas Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

VOLTA ( VAWL-tuh) The place at which a distinct turn of thought occurs. The term is most commonly used for the characteristic transition point in a sonnet, as between the octave and sestet of a Petrarchan sonnet.

Spenserian sonnet a sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab bcbd cdcd ee

PETRARCHAN SONNET (pih-TRAR-kun)
An Italian sonnet form perfected by Petrarch ( ), characterized by an octave with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba and a sestet rhyming variously, but usually cdecde or cdccdc. The octave typically introduces the theme or problem, with the sestet providing the resolution.

SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET A fourteen (14) line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. The poem is written in three quatrains and ends with a couplet. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

aph·o·rism / 'a-fə-ˌri-zəm /
a terse formulation of a truth or sentiment : ADAGE

Adage / 'a-dij / a well-known phrase expressing a general truth about people or the world: According to the old adage, a picture is worth a thousand words. adage, aphorism, byword, maxim, motto, proverb, saying.

EPIGRAM / 'e-pə-ˌgram / A pithy, sometimes satiric, couplet or quatrain which was popular in classic Latin literature and in European and English literature of the Renaissance and the neo-Classical era. Epigrams comprise a single thought or event and are often aphoristic with a witty or humorous turn of thought. Coleridge wrote the following definition: What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole, Its body brevity, and wit its soul.

EPIGRAPH / 'e-pə-ˌgraf/
A quotation, or a sentence composed for the purpose, placed at the beginning of a literary work or one of its separate divisions, usually suggestive of the theme. The epigraph to the chapter read: 'One man's freedom is another man's slavery'

RHYME SCHEME The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines, such as the ababbcc of the Rhyme Royal stanza form. The opening stanza of Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," with end rhymes of the words, cloud-hills-crowd-daffodils-trees-breeze, is described as having a rhyme scheme of ababcc;

By William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. (The rhyme scheme used in each stanza of this poem is ababcc. )

Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed--and gazed--but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

ELLIPSIS (ih-LIP-suss), pl. ELLIPSES (ih-LIP-seez)
The omission of a word or words necessary to complete a grammatical construction, but which is easily understood by the reader, such as "the virtues I esteem" for "the virtues which I esteem." Also, the marks (. . .) or (--) denoting an omission or pause.

CAESURA (siz-YUR-uh) A rhythmic break or pause in the flow of sound which is commonly introduced in about the middle of a line of verse, but may be varied for different effects.

BALLAD A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. The story of a ballad can originate from a wide range of subject matter but frequently deals with folk-lore or popular legends. The plot is the dominant element, dealing with a single crucial episode, narrated impersonally, with frequent use of repetition. They are written in straight-forward verse, seldom with detail, but always with graphic simplicity and force.

didactic poetry Poetry which is clearly intended for the purpose of instruction -- to impart theoretical, moral, or practical knowledge, or to explain the principles of some art or science, as Virgil's Georgics, or Pope's An Essay on Criticism.

Ode type of lyric , usually irregular rather than uniform, generally of considerable length and sometimes continuous, sometimes divided in accordance with transitions of thought and mood in a complexity of stanzaic forms; it often has varying iambic line lengths with no fixed system of rhyme schemes and is always marked by the rich, intense expression of an elevated thought, often addressed to a praised person or object.

imagery The elements in a literary work used to evoke mental images, not only of the visual sense, but of sensation and emotion as well. While most commonly used in reference to figurative language, imagery is a variable term which can apply to any and all components of a poem that evoke sensory experience and emotional response, whether figurative or literal, and also applies to the concrete things so imaged.

“An Essay on Criticism” by Alexander Pope
A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sobers us again. Fired at first sight with what the Muse imparts, In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts, While from the bounded level of our mind, Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind; But more advanced, behold with strange surprise New distant scenes of endless science rise! So pleased at first, the towering Alps we try, Mount o'er the vales, and seem to tread the sky, Th' eternal snows appear already pass'd, And the first clouds and mountains seem the last: But those attain'd, we tremble to survey The growing labours of the lengthen'd way, Th' increasing prospect tires our wandering eyes, Hills peep o'er hills, and Alps on Alps arise!

The Rules of Poetic Structure
Scansion The Rules of Poetic Structure

A look at structure… Whose woods these are I think I know His house is in the village though He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow

Metric Patterns - Meter
u / u / u / u / Whose woods│these are │I think │I know u / u / u / u / His house │is in │the vil │lage though u / u / u / u / He will │not see │me stop │ping here u / u / u / u / To watch │his woods │fill up │with snow

Iambic and Trochaic Both have two syllables per foot Iambic Trochaic
u / (away) The fall / ing out / of faith / ful friends Trochaic / u (coming) Double / double / toil and / trouble

Iambic and Trochaic Practice
Identify each as iambic or trochaic Sunday birthday correct simple believe because dispute sister convey laughter gather music relief attack 15. Create two examples of Iamb. 16. Create two examples of Trochee.

Anapestic and Dactylic
Both have three syllables per foot Anapestic u u / (cannonade) I am mon / arch of all / I survey Dactylic / u u (victory) Take her up / tenderly

Anapestic and Dactylic Practice
Identify each as anapestic or dactylic fugitive rhapsody beautiful 9. lemonade contradict syllable alkaline arrogant satisfy indigo understand masquerade disappear interject 15. Create two examples of Anapest. 16. Create two examples of Dactyl.

Spondee and Pyrrhic Rarely used Spondee Pyrrhic u u / / u u / /
/ / Pyrrhic u u u u / / u u / / And the white breast of the dim sea

Metrical Feet Whose woods│these are │I think │I know His house │is in │the vil │lage though He will │not see │me stop │ping here To watch │his woods │fill up │with snow

Metrical Feet One Foot = Monometer Two Feet = Dimeter
Three Feet = Trimeter Four Feet = Tetrameter Five Feet = Pentameter Six Feet = Hexameter Seven Feet = Heptameter Eight Feet = Octameter

Metrical Feet Once upon a midnight dreary Leaf again, life again
Because I could not stop for Death, he kindly stopped for me How do I love thee? Let me count the ways I am called to the front of the room

Metrical Feet Once upon a midnight dreary Leaf again, life again
trochaic tetrameter Leaf again, life again dactylic dimeter Because I could not stop for Death, he kindly stopped for me iambic heptameter

Metrical Feet How do I love thee? Let me count the ways
iambic pentameter I am called to the front of the room anapestic trimeter

Other Metrical Terms Amphibrach Anàcrusis Amphimacer
A foot with unstressed, stressed, unstressed syllables ( U / U ) e.g. Chicago Anàcrusis An extra unaccented syllable at the beginning of a line before its regular meter begins Mine / by the right / of the white / election Amphimacer A foot with stressed, unstressed, stressed syllables ( / U / ) e.g. attitude

Other Metrical Terms Catalexis Caesura Enjambement
An extra, usually unaccented syllable at the ending of a line after its regular meter ends I’ll tell / you how / the sun / rose Caesura A pause in the meter or rhythm of a line Flood-tide below me! || I see you face to face! Enjambement A run-on line, continuing into the next without a grammatical break Green rustlings, more-than-regal charities Drift coolly from that tower of whispered light

POETRY.

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POETRY.

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