1. 13 The Respiratory System
Lesson 13.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Lesson 13.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control
Lesson 13.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

2. Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Chapter 13: The Respiratory System
Lesson 13.1
Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

3. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

4. Vocabulary the nose the nasal cavity
the passage for air entering and leaving the lungs
the nasal cavity
is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Each cavity is the continuation of one one of the two nostrils.
Concha
the palate
the sinuses

5. Cilia the mouth the pharynx
The lining of the nasal cavity. These are tiny hair-like structures that track small particles. = Keeps the lungs clean!
the mouth
A passageway for air as well as food into the body
the pharynx
located in the throat. This is the passageway for food into the esophagus
tonsils

6. the larynx the epiglottis the esophagus
Voice Box – houses the vocal cords. Looks like a turtle’s head
the epiglottis
Acting as a trapdoor to the trachea, it keeps food from entering the trachea and blocking the airway.
the esophagus
Food moves through the pharynx into the esophagus, which is the passageway for food into the stomach

7. the alveoli the pleura the diaphragm
Tiny air sacs. Place where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange happens.
the pleura
Air-tight sacs surrounding each lung.
the diaphragm
Large dome-shaped muscle below the lungs – the diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration.

8. the trachea
Branching off from the esophagus, this is the passageway for the air to the lungs = windpipe
the bronchi
Branches off from the trachea, with one branch going to each lung.
the lungs
Organ that houses the alveoli

9. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

10. What is the collective name for the cardiovascular and respiratory system?
cardiopulmonary system;

11. How do these two body systems work together?
the blood, pumped through the body by the cardiovascular system, transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Oxygen is delivered to the blood by the respiratory system, while it also expels carbon dioxide from the body.

12. Describe the structure of the respiratory system.
The respiratory system is divided into two parts: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
The lungs contain alveoli, air sacs in which the important gas-exchange function occurs.

13. The Upper and Lower R.S.

15. Name three functions of the upper respiratory tract.
passageway for air moving into, or out of the lungs;
filter and removed foreign particles from inspired air;
humidify and control the temperature of inspired air;
produce sound (voice);
produce a sense of smell (olfactory sense);
aid in immune defense;
conduct air to the lower respiratory tract
Name three functions of the upper respiratory tract.

16. What would happen if the nose had no cilia?
many more particles would enter the nose since the cilia traps and prevents them from entering the nose
What would happen if the nose had no cilia?

17. What are the functions of the conchae?
increasing the surface area available for filtering inspired air; filtering inspired air by trapping particles in its mucous membranes
What are the functions of the conchae?

18. What is the function of the uvula?
It is believed to play a small role in speech, but it also helps prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.
What is the function of the uvula?

19. What is the function of the sinuses?
lighten the weight of the head;
warm and moisten inspired air; amplify the tone of the voice
What is the function of the sinuses?

20. Which structure transports air, food, and liquids?
The pharynx

21. What causes a person’s voice to change so noticeably during a cold?
Infection causes the sinuses to become swollen and filled with fluid and germs. This prevents the voice from projecting in its normal tone.
What causes a person’s voice to change so noticeably during a cold?

22. The Eustachian tubes of the middle ear drain into the nasopharynx.
Because of this connection, an inner ear infection can cause an upper respiratory infection, or vice versa.
What other organ system structure does the nasopharynx connect to, and what are the consequences?

23. Anatomy of the Ear – Middle Ear
Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx.
Equalizes pressure on either sides of the tympanic membrane.
A Big Yawn equalizes the pressure in the pharynx, Eustachian tube, and middle ear to the same level as pressure on the outside of the ear.

24. The tonsils
When bacteria and other pathogens enter the throat, what structure serves as the first line of defense against these invaders?

25. What are the two primary responsibilities of the larynx.
routing air and food to the proper passageways and producing speech
What are the two primary responsibilities of the larynx.

26. The epiglottis
What structure controls both the destination of food and liquid we consume, and inspire air?

27. How is the trachea supported?
Cartilaginous rings, or C-shaped rings, provide support and prevent the airway from collapsing.
How is the trachea supported?

28. Where does the most gas exchange take place?
In the alveoli
Where does the most gas exchange take place?

29. Give one reason why gas exchange is a relatively quick process.
The large surface area of the lungs provide almost unlimited numbers of sites for gas exchange between the blood and alveolar sacs.
The membranes of the alveolar wall and capillary walls are very thin, allowing carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass through them quickly and easily.
Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to low concentration.
Give one reason why gas exchange is a relatively quick process.

30. What structure separates the two lungs?
The mediastinum
What structure separates the two lungs?

31. How many lobes does each lung have?
The right lung has three lobes, but the left lung only has two.
How many lobes does each lung have?

32. a sac of two slippery, serous membranes; One membrane, the parietal pleura, lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm. The other, the visceral pleura, covers the lungs.
What is the pleural sac?

33. Explain it’s function
Both pleura membranes secrete a serous (watery) fluid that allows the two linings to smoothly slide against each other as the lungs expand and contract during respiration. The serous fluid also acts like glue by keeping the two linings from pulling apart.

34. The three Stages of Breath

35. Inhaling Oxygen
Diaphragm expands into abdominal cavity. Room is created in the chest as the diaphragm expands the abdominal cavity.
Muscles cause rips to move up and out
Lungs expand with the air that has entered through the nose and mouth
= active breathing phase

36. Gas exchange in the lungs
Air enters the lungs through the bronchial tube that branches into bronchioles which branch into alveoli.
The alveoli are surrounded by the capillaries of the pulmonary arteries and veins.
Oxygen from the inflated lungs move from the alveoli into the capillaries as carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli.

37. Exhaling Carbon Dioxide
The diaphragm muscle relaxes and returns to its dome-like position inside the ribcage.
The ribcage muscles also relax. This pressure surrounding the lungs pushes air out of the body. CO2 is released from the body by traveling through the alveoli to the bronchiole to the bronchi, up the trachea and out through the nose and mouth.
= passive phase of breathing

38. How many breath do we take in a minute?

39. How much of our breath is O2 and how much is CO2
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Inhaled Air
21 %
.04 %
Exhaled Air
16%
3.5%

41. The Upper Respiratory Tract

42. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: surfactant, apex, epiglottis, conchae.
1. lungs
2. larynx
3. nasal cavity
4. alveoli

43. Respiration: Mechanics and Control
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.2
Respiration: Mechanics and Control

44. Respiration: Mechanics and Control
nonrespiratory air maneuvers
control of breathing
lung volume

45. Respiration also known as breathing
air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area
four key tasks involved in respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
respiratory gas transport
internal respiration

46. Respiration Boyle’s law
as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure of the gas decreases

47. Respiration inspiration (inhalation) expiration (exhalation)
diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
thoracic cavity expands
expiration (exhalation)
diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
thoracic cavity shrinks

49. Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers

50. Control of Breathing neural factors chemical factors
pons and medulla oblongata
chemical factors
central chemoreceptors
peripheral chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors

51. Control of Breathing

52. Lung Volume static dynamic air volume in lungs
air volume in lungs based on time

53. Static Lung Volume tidal volume vital capacity residual volume
functional residual capacity
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity

54. Dynamic Lung Volume forced expiratory volume in one second
forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity

55. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. The pons and medulla control breathing.
2. Static lung volume involves time.
3. Muscles contract in inspiration.
4. Larger gas volume, higher pressure.
5. Gas moves from low to high pressure.

56. Respiratory Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.3
Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

57. Respiratory Disorders and Diseases
upper respiratory tract illnesses
lower respiratory tract illnesses
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
asthma
lung cancer

58. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

59. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses
avoiding URIs
cover when sneezing and coughing
wash hands
don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth
influenza
vaccine
icyimage/Shutterstock.com

60. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
acute bronchitis
inflammation
pneumonia
infection
tuberculosis

61. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
causes
smoking
living with COPD
stop smoking
purse-lipped breathing

62. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
emphysema
decreased lung surface area
pink puffers
chronic bronchitis
inflammation obstructs airways
blue bloaters

63. Asthma asthma attack inflamed and narrowed airways bronchospasms
caused by allergens or irritants
treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways
xavier gallego morel/Shutterstock.com

64. Lung Cancer more deaths from lung cancer than other cancers
non-small cell lung cancer
more common lung cancer
small cell lung cancer
less common lung cancer

65. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: small cell, bronchospasms, decreased lung surface area, or infection. 1. An asthma attack includes _______________. 2. A symptom of emphysema is _______________. 3. The more common lung cancer is _______________. 4. Tuberculosis is caused by _______________.