1. The Digestive System

2. Six Steps Ingestion Mechanical processing Digestion 4. Secretion
5. Absorption
6. Excretion

3. Dental Caries Periodontal Disease
Tooth decay by bacteria that produce acid and demineralize the enamel and dentin (form plaque on teeth)
Inflammation and degeneration of gingivae (gums), alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum

4. Mumps Myxovirus infects parotid gland- inflammation Fever, extreme
pain in throat
Swelling on one or both sides of face
Testes can also become inflamed
Immunization available

5. Achalasia Heartburn Lower sphincter fails to relax
Food passage impeded and food lodged in esophagus
Lower sphincter fails to close
Hydrochloric acid bubbles up esophagus
Antacids help neutralize HCL

6. Pyloric Stenosis Hiatal Hernia
Bulging of stomach through esophageal hiatus
Narrowing of pyloric sphincter by enlarged muscle fibers
Hallmark symptom- projectile vomit
Surgery needed

7. Peptic Ulcer Disease
Stimulated by Heliobacter pylori, stress, smoking, alcohol, coffee, aspirin, medications
5-10% of population
Normal balance between destructive and protective forces upset

8. Lactose Intolerance
Mucosal cells of small intestine do not produce lactase
Bacterial fermentation occurs and produces gas, bloating, diarrhea,
and cramps
Medications available

9. Diverticulitis
Diverticula- saclike outpouchings of wall of colon where muscularis weak
Become inflamed
Prevented by high fiber diet

10. Living-Donor Transplant
First performed in month old received part of Mother’s liver
Liver regenerates well
Also been done for pancreas, kidney and bone marrow

11. Jaundice
Yellowish color of sclera, skin, and mucous membranes due to build up of bilirubin
Three catagories
Excessive production of bilirubin
Dysfunction of liver cells
Blockage of bile drainage

12. Gall Stones
Formed as a result of precipitation of cholesterol and bile salts in gall bladder
Diagnosed by ultrasound
Often no symptoms
If obstructing the gall bladder, severe pain in upper right side of abdomen
Can be removed by surgical procedures