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copyright cmassengale

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1 copyright cmassengale
Classification copyright cmassengale

2 copyright cmassengale
18-1 copyright cmassengale

3 copyright cmassengale
Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale

4 What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

5 Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

6 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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7 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

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Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

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Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

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Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

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Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

13 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

14 Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific copyright cmassengale

15 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

16 Linnaeus's System of Classification
 Each level is called a taxon, or taxonomic category. Species and genus are the two smallest categories. Grizzly bear Black bear Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

17 Linnaeus's System of Classification
Genera that share many characteristics are grouped in a larger category, the family. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

18 Linnaeus's System of Classification
An order is a broad category composed of similar families. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

19 Linnaeus's System of Classification
The next larger category, the class, is composed of similar orders. Black bear Grizzly bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

20 Linnaeus's System of Classification
Several different classes make up a phylum. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. PHYLUM Chordata Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

21 Linnaeus's System of Classification
The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus's taxonomic categories. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! copyright cmassengale

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Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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25 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Which statement about classification is true? A) Biologists use regional names for organisms. B) Biologists use a common classification system based on similarities that have scientific significance. C) Biologists have identified and named most species found on Earth. D) Taxonomy uses a combination of common and scientific names to make the system more useful. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Linnaeus's two-word naming system is called A) binomial nomenclature. B) taxonomy. C) trinomial nomenclature. D) classification. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

27 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Several different classes make up a(an) A) family. B) species. C) kingdom. D) phylum. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

28 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 A group of closely related species is a(an) A) class. B) genus. C) family. D) order. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

29 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-1 Which of the following lists the terms in order from the group with the most species to the group with the least? A) order, phylum, family, genus B) family, genus, order, phylum C) phylum, class, order, family D) genus, family, order, phylum Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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18-2 copyright cmassengale

31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biologists currently group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. The strategy of grouping organisms is based on evolutionary history and is called evolutionary classification. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The higher the level of the taxon, the further back in time is the common ancestor of all the organisms in the taxon. Organisms that appear very similar may not share a recent common ancestor. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Classification Using Cladograms Many biologists now use a method called cladistic analysis. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characteristics. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

34 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Different Methods of Classification Crustaceans Mollusk Appendages Conical Shells Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet Early systems of classification grouped organisms together based on visible similarities. That approach might result in classifying limpets and barnacles together (left). Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. Crabs and barnacles are now grouped together (right) because they share several characteristics that indicate that they are more closely related to each other than either is to limpets. These characteristics include segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and an external skeleton that is shed during growth. Molted external skeleton Tiny free-swimming larva Segmentation CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITY CLADOGRAM Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

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Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Similarities in DNA and RNA The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

38 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
DNA Evidence The more similar the DNA of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

39 Molecular Clocks A gene in an ancestral species
A molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently. 2 mutations 2 mutations new mutation new mutation new mutation Species Species Species A B C

40 Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

42 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
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43 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-2 Grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called A) evolutionary classification. B) traditional classification. C) cladogram classification. D) taxonomic classification. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

44 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-2 Traditional classification groups organisms together based on A) derived characters. B) similarities in appearance. C) DNA and RNA similarities. D) molecular clocks. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

45 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-2 In an evolutionary classification system, the higher the taxon level, A) the more similar the members of the taxon become. B) the more common ancestors would be found in recent time. C) the fewer the number of species in the taxon. D) the farther back in time the common ancestors would be. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

46 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-2 Classifying organisms using a cladogram depends on identifying A) external and internal structural similarities. B) new characteristics that have appeared most recently as lineages evolve. C) characteristics that have been present in the group for the longest time. D) individual variations within the group. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

47 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-2 To compare traits of very different organisms, you would use A) anatomical similarities. B) anatomical differences. C) DNA and RNA. D) proteins and carbohydrates. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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18-3 copyright cmassengale

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Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

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ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

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BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

53 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

54 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

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Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

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Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

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Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

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Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Crash Course copyright cmassengale

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60 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-3 Organisms whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom A) Fungi. B) Eubacteria. C) Plantae. D) Archaebacteria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

61 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-3 Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or chloroplasts are members of the kingdom A) Animalia. B) Protista. C) Plantae. D) Fungi. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

62 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-3 Organisms that have cell walls containing cellulose are found in A) Eubacteria and Plantae. B) Fungi and Plantae. C) Plantae and Protista. D) Plantae only. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

63 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-3 Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic classification that includes A) three domains. B) seven kingdoms. C) two domains. D) five kingdoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

64 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
18-3 Which of the following contain more than one kingdom? A) only Archaea B) only Bacteria C) only Eukarya D) both Eukarya and Archaea Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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