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Southern Nevada Regional Professional Development Program
RP DP Southern Nevada Regional Professional Development Program RPDP.net RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Reading Strategies Comparison and Contrast
Created by Jill M. Leone Reading Specialist Copyright © 2007 RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Today's Objective We will discuss how to - apply comparison and contrast strategies to show how ideas, people, things, and events are both alike and different. recognize relationships between word pairs in selected analogies. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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These strategies can be used for both fiction and nonfiction.
All types of reading These strategies can be used for both fiction and nonfiction. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Can you guess what each of these
women have in common? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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You will have to make a comparison.
Writers use this strategy all the time to show how things are alike. It is also used to show how things are different. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Each one wants to look good. We know this because – one is shopping.
What do our three ladies have in common? Let's compare. Each one wants to look good. We know this because – one is shopping. one is at a hair salon. one is putting on make-up. They may have many more things in common, but it is clear to us by their actions that each one cares about her appearance. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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We can understand country music much better if we think about -
Comparisons help us understand. Comparsions increase our understanding. We can understand country music much better if we think about - how it’s similar to other types of music. how it’s different from other types of music. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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We have already learned that -
Comparison and Contrast We have already learned that - Writers are often very thoughtful of their readers. They often leave behind clues to help readers understand. They use these clue words and phrases to show both similarities and differences. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Comparison Clues also other, another identical each similar both resembling too same as well as like, likewise Be sure to look and listen for clue words and phrases that will help alert you to similarities and differences. Look for clue words! RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Examples Consuela suffered from acrophobia; her father also had a fear of heights. Those two brothers really resemble each other. The design of that vehicle is similar to last year’s model. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Contrasts When you make comparisons, remember to also think about how ideas, things, people, or events are different. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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although but though yet however while on the contrary unlike
Look for Contrast Clues. although but though yet however while on the contrary unlike in contrast opposite on the other hand The words but, yet, and however are especially common. Always read carefully when you come to them. The words but, yet, and however are especially common. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Examples When I left my house I had $300, but when I got to my favorite store I was broke. David really wanted to play football this year. However, he is ineligible because of his low grades. These little words make all the difference in the world. .Realize how important little words like but and however can be and train yourself to always read carefully after them. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Examples Julia wanted to go to the gym, but she had to study for a test. I planned to get a job this summer. However, I will need to attend summer school to make up two classes. We need to realize how important a little word like but can be and train ourselves to read very carefully after the word but because everything that follows will be the opposite or totally different from what we read before the but. THE MOST MISREAD WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGEAGE ARE NOT THE BIG WORDS. WE GENERALLY READ CAREFULLY WHEN WE COME TO THOSE WORDS BUT OFTEN MISS SOME OF THE LITLE WORDS LIKE BUT, NOT, AND EXCEPT, EITHER BECAUSE WE’RE IN A HURRY OR WE JUST TAKE THE LITTLE WORDS FOR GRANTED. THE END RESULT IS THE SAME = LACK OF COMPREHENSION. ***Students need to realize how important a little word like but can be and train themselves to read very carefully after the word but because everything that follows will be the opposite or totally different from what they read before the but. THE MOST MISREAD WORDS IN THE ENGLISH LANGEAGE ARE NOT THE BIG WORDS. STUDENTS GENERALLY READ CAREFULLY WHEN THEY COME TO THOSE WORDS, BUT THEY TEND TO MISS SOME OF THE LITLE WORDS LIKE BUT, NOT, AND EXCEPT, EITHER BECAUSE THEY ARE IN A HURRY OR JUST TAKE THE LITTLE WORDS FOR GRANTED. These little words make all the difference in the world. Realize how important little words like but and however can be and train yourself to always read carefully after them. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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More Clue Words to Help You Understand Differences
more / less -er words Let’s look at a few examples. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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bigger than smaller than taller than shorter than
Examples of Words Ending in -er bigger than smaller than taller than shorter than faster than slower than easier than harder than RPDP Secondary Literacy
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How does polluted water compare to clean water?
Example The world’s water supply is becoming increasingly polluted. Fish and other living creatures need clean water to stay alive. When water becomes polluted, fewer fish are able to survive. In addition, fewer fish are born in polluted water than in clean water, which may ultimately cause the world’s fish population to dwindle and die out. How does polluted water compare to clean water? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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How does polluted water compare to clean water?
Practice Question How does polluted water compare to clean water? More fish are born in polluted water. More fish are born in clean water. The same number of fish are born in clean water as in polluted water. No one knows if more or fewer fish are born in polluted water. How did you do? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question Americans are taller and healthier than ever. Good medical care, good housing, and good food are three important reasons for our generally better health. It is also widely and wrongly believed that we eat more. On the contrary, we eat about one-half pound less per day than we did at the beginning of the century. It is not the amount that we eat, but the better quality of our diet that keeps us healthy. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Practice Question How do we differ from Americans who
lived at the beginning of the century? We eat more but the quality is worse. We eat less but the quality is better. We eat the same amount but the quality is better. We eat the same amount but the quality is worse. On the contrary was your clue. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question Americans are taller and healthier than ever. Good medical care, good housing, and good food are three important reasons for our generally better health. It is also widely and wrongly believed that we eat more. On the contrary, we eat about one-half pound less per day than we did at the beginning of the century. It is not the amount that we eat, but the better quality of our diet that keeps us healthy. The writer has given us 7 clue words and phrases so it’s easy to understand that we actually eat less but the quality is better. Does this surprise you at all? Look at your clues. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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When making comparisons -
Sometimes your teachers will identify the items you must compare and the characteristics on which to base your comparison. Other times, it will be up to you to choose. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Try using a Venn Diagram.
During or after reading During or after a lecture When writing an essay While studying for a test Making a decision Organizing your thoughts If you don’t want to construct it yourself, just go on the Internet and download one. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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C = similarities A & B have in common.
What is a Venn Diagram? C A B It is used to make a comparison. A Venn Diagram is one of the easiest and best tools you can use to organize and visualize important ideas when making comparisons. The Venn Diagram is made up of two or more overlapping circles and are really useful for examining similarities and differences in characters, stories, novels, poems, etc. A and B = differences. C = similarities A & B have in common. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Venn diagrams are graphic organizers.
What's different What's alike A Venn diagram is especially helpful when used as a prewriting activity to help you to organize thoughts or textual quotations before writing a compare/contrast essay. It saves time and energy often spent writing down trivial ideas. What's different They show both similarities and differences. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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#1 #2 #3 To construct a Venn Diagram, just draw 2 overlapping circles:
Put things both have in common here. #3 Put things that are special about #1 here. Put things that are special about #2 here. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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You can use more than two circles to compare more than two things:
fruits cereals vegetables For information at a glance If an item falls into all 3 categories, it goes in the middle of the 3 circles (the part where they all overlap each other). RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Our world is changing. We have so much new Information,
Why take time to create graphic organizers? Our world is changing. We have so much new Information, electronic devices and networks to help us retrieve it, that we also need to be good at other kinds of thinking: critical thinking. A tool such as the Venn Diagram forces you to think and ask yourself questions. The more questions you ask about information, the more connections you make in your brain. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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To be a critical thinker -
You must be good at noticing and remembering the characteristics of everything around you. Always make connections about how things are both alike and different. As a matter of fact, researchers consider the strategies we use to identify similarities and differences to be – “the core of all learning,” as well as being the number one strategy for improving student achievement - in all subject areas and all grade levels. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Why make connections? When you ask your brain to think about something, it has to search among the words, pictures, ideas, and facts stored inside. It’s almost like looking for a piece of paper somewhere in your locker. This is also true with your brain – your “mental filing cabinet.” RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Get organized! The more disorganized your locker, the harder it is to find what you’re looking for. The more organized the content in your brain, the quicker and more efficient you’ll be at finding information. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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compares two characters from John Steinbeck’s famous novel
Making a Comparison Take a look at a Venn Diagram that compares two characters from John Steinbeck’s famous novel Of Mice and Men: George and Lennie. sinisefans.org/mice RPDP Secondary Literacy
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George: small in size, mature, sharp, quick, care taker, long-term
Main Characters in Of Mice and Men George: small in size, mature, sharp, quick, care taker, long-term dreams & goals Both: migrant workers, devoted to each other, want what they don’t have Lennie: enormous, childlike, mentally slow, awkward, helpless, simple dreams & goals RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
The two main characters are so different, yet share the same dreams and devotion to each other. You can construct a Venn Diagram for any novel or short story you read. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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When you study for tests
Create Venn Diagrams When you read When you write When you study for tests When you think RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Good writing doesn’t just happen.
It’s a process which takes - planning gathering information organizing information prewriting writing a rough draft editing and revising Understanding similarities & differences will help. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question By using yellow, red, and blue – the primary colors - you can make almost any color in the rainbow. You can make purple by a combination of red and blue. Likewise, orange can be made by a mixture of red and yellow. How are purple and orange similar? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question How are purple and orange similar? They are both primary colors. They are both made by combining primary colors. They are both a mixture of red and yellow. They are both a mixture of red and blue. How did you do? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question Tornados usually begin over land. On the other hand, hurricanes almost never begin like tornados. Which statement is most likely? Tornados and hurricanes begin over land. Tornados and hurricanes begin over water. Tornados begin over land, hurricanes over water. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question Tornados usually begin over land. On the other hand, hurricanes almost never begin like tornados. Which statement is most likely? Tornados and hurricanes begin over land. Tornados and hurricanes begin over water. Tornados begin over land, hurricanes over water. How did you do? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Analogies RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
An analogy is a comparison of two things, stressing their similarities. Examples: Morning is to night as beginning is to end. Old is to young as strong is to weak. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Analogies Writers use analogies to help us - understand relationships connect ideas. An analogy starts with a pair of words that have a particular relationship to each other. The first pair of words is followed by a second pair. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Analogies Your job as a reader is to figure out the relationship of the first pair of words. Then, you apply the same relationship to the second pair of words to complete the analogy. Huge : enormous as tiny : miniscule. As a reader, if you stop and think and also use your background knowledge, you will easily be able to figure out the relationships between words. Writers often use a colon to show an analogy, as we have done for you in this example. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Let’s use the word strong to complete this analogy:
Old is to aged as strong is to powerful. Powerful also means strong. It’s easy to see what the relationship is between old and aged. They are synonyms (or have the same meaning). And we know that powerful also means strong. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Here are more examples: Penny is to dime as dime is to dollar.
Writers use analogies to show relationships. Here are more examples: Penny is to dime as dime is to dollar. Tree is to plant as truck is to vehicle. Book is to read as song is to listen. Leaf is to tree as petal is to flower. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Analogies We can understand that because a penny is one tenth of a dime, a dime would be one tenth of a dollar. A tree is a type of plant. Therefore, a truck would be a type of vehicle. Can you figure out the connections between the last two examples? In the future, try to create your own analogies in order to strengthen your critical thinking skills. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question In the early years of basketball, height was considered unimportant. A 6-foot-tall player was considered to be quite tall, but no one thought that his height made him a more successful player. Today, however, a foot-tall player would be considered too short for professional play Coaches now know that tall players are more successful in the modern game. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question How has the feeling about height changed? Coaches used to think that height was important. Now, they think it’s unimportant. Coaches used to think that height was important, and they still do. Coaches used to think that height was unimportant. Now, they think it’s important. Coaches used to think that height was unimportant, and they still do. How did you do? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question The Mayans lived on the Yucatan Peninsula long before the Europeans came to the Americas. Writings and physical evidence left by the Mayans have taught scholars a great deal about their society. We know that were ruled by a class of lords. The people they ruled paid a tribute in the form of goods or services, and every community had a market where food and manufactured goods were traded. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question According to the passage, the tribute that the Mayans paid to the lords is similar to – a prize a tax a calendar a bank account How did you do? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question When television was first invented, people feared it would mark an end to reading, that people would prefer to sit in front of the TV rather than read newspapers or books. Contrary to public opinion, people read more today than before the invention of TV. How much do people read now compared to before the invention of television? People read less than they used to. People today read more than they used to. People read about the same as they used to. The selection does not help us answer this question. RPDP Secondary Literacy
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RPDP Secondary Literacy
Practice Question When television was first invented, people feared it would mark an end to reading, that people would prefer to sit in front of the TV rather than read newspapers or books. Contrary to public opinion, people read more today than before the invention of TV. How much do people read now compared to before the invention of television? People read less than they used to. People today read more than they used to. People read about the same as they used to. The selection does not help us answer this question. How did you do? RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Today we discussed – Comparison Contrast Venn Diagrams Analogies
Key Stategies and Terms Today we discussed – Comparison Contrast Venn Diagrams Analogies RPDP Secondary Literacy
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Copyright Notice Permission is granted to copy (unmodified) all or part of this PowerPoint for educational, personal, non-commercial use off-line as long as the copyright message (Copyright © 2007 by Jill Leone) is maintained on the title page. This material may not be sold, duplicated on other websites, incorporated in commercial documents or products, or used for promotional purposes. Copyright © 2007 by Jill M. Leone RPDP Secondary Literacy
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