1. Domestic
Leadership
in Tudor
England
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY

2. Essential Question:
How effective was Henry VIII versus his daughter Elizabeth I in dealing with domestic issues in Tudor England?

3. King Henry Tudor VIII
Born: June 28, 1491, to King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Coronated: June 24th, 1509 with his wife Katherine of Aragon. 
Died: January 28th, 1547 at age 56
Henry was the first King to use “your majesty” as his title

4. Young Life Henry was raised to be a pious and devout Catholic
He was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith“ by the Pope after writing a treatise denouncing Martin Luther's Reformist ideas
He did not enjoy his father’s stoic and unexciting ruling style, instead favoring exciting court life.
Henry wrote much poetry throughout his life
Henry had no particular interest in governing at all, preferring sport and arts.

5. Court Life
The court life initiated by his father evolved into a cornerstone of Tudor government in the reign of Henry VIII.
Henry loved the extravegance and excitement of the court drama.
He spent much of his time being entertained by the nobles and met the last five of his wives from his court.

6. Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533)
Henry’s Wives
Catherine of Aragon ( )
Anne Boleyn ( )
Jane Seymour ( )
-Henry spent much of his energy in his social life in the courts, marrying six times in total.
Anne of Cleves (1540)
Catherine Howard ( )
Katherine Parr ( )

7. The “King’s Great Matter”
Though he and Catherine of Aragon had been married twenty years, Henry’s obsession with creating a male heir made him seek an annulment of his marriage.
Cardinal Wolsey tried to obtain Pope Clement VII’s permission, but was unable.
Henry created the Reformation Parliament in 1529
Clement was indebted to the Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and nephew of Catherine, Henry’s wife

8. Reformation Parliament
The break from Rome was accomplished through law, not social outcry.
This step was only taken after an annulment from the Pope was deemed impossible.
137 statutes in seven years
Religious reform movements had already taken hold in England, but continental Protestantism had yet to find favor with the English people.
Henry was named the Supreme Head of the Church of England
1536- all ecclesiastical and government officials were required to publicly approve of the break with Rome and take an oath of loyalty.
The king moved away from the medieval idea of ruler as chief lawmaker and overseer of civil behavior, to the modern idea of ruler as the ideological icon of the state.

9. The Acts An Act of Submission of the Clergy (1534)
prevented the Church from making any regulations without the King's consent.
The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act (1534)
required the clergy to elect Bishops nominated by the Sovereign.
The Act of Supremacy (1534)
declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England“
The Treasons Act (1534)
made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as the Church leader.
Act of Succesion (1534)
Rejecting the decisions of the Pope, Parliament validated the marriage between Henry and Anne.
The Pope responded to these events by excommunicating Henry in July 1533.

10. Dissolution of Monasteries
Monastic lands and possessions were broken up and sold off.
In the 1520s, some monasteries were closed down to pay for colleges like Oxford and Ipswich
In , another 200 smaller monasteries were dissolved
1539, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown.  
As a result, Crown revenues doubled for a few years.

13. After the Break
Henry became disillusioned after the break with the Catholic Church
Consequently, much of the remainder of Henry’s reign is relatively unexciting.
Henry’s religious policies were somewhat confusing, as he considered himself a Catholic until the end of his life.
Henry's specific religious policies were very unclear; no one knew the exact definition of heresy, it was whatever Henry demanded at the time.

14. The Royal Navy Henry is considered the father of the Royal Navy
He engaged in naval warfare during his term and put a large investment into building a succesful fleet, creating dockyards and supporting naval innovations
He did not, however, leave a running Navy for his succesors.
There was no structured system to continue the tradition.

15. Succession The Act of Succesion (1544)
Henry gave the crown to his only surviving son, Edward
Edward was the first Protestant monarch to rule England.
In the event of a death without children, Edward was to be succeeded Mary, his daughter by his first wife.
If Mary did not have children, she was to be succeeded Elizabeth, his daughter by his second wife, Anne Boleyn.
Finally, if Elizabeth also did not have children, she was to be succeded by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased sister, Mary Tudor
This Act gave Mary and Elizabeth the titles of Princess, whereas before, they had been Ladies.

16. How He Left the Country
England was an impoverished country torn apart by religious squabbles.
However, Henry's reformation had produced dangerous Protestant-Roman Catholic differences in the kingdom. The monasteries' wealth had been spent on wars and had also built up the economic strength of the aristocracy and other families in the counties, which in turn was to encourage ambitious Tudor court factions.

17. Queen Elizabeth Tudor I
Born: September 7, to King Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn, his second wife.
Coronated: January 15, 1559 at Westminster Abbey
Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69
-Henry was devastated with Elizabeth’s birth because he had been hoping for a son and an heir to his throne. When Anne Boleyn was declared null and void, Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and she no longer held a place in the line of succession
-Later, Henry reinstated his daughters in the line of succession
-She had a special flare for languages, and by adulthood, she could reputedly speak five languages fluently.
- Her last stepmother, Katherine Parr, made sure that Elizabeth and her brother Edward were well-educated

18. 'Proud and haughty, as although she knows she was born of such a mother, she nevertheless does not consider herself of inferior degree to the Queen, whom she equals in self-esteem; nor does she believe herself less legitimate than her Majesty, alleging in her own favour that her mother would never cohabit with the King unless by way of marriage, with the authority of the Church.... She prides herself on her father and glories in him; everybody saying that she also resembles him more than the Queen does and he therefore always liked her and had her brought up in the same way as the Queen.'  
the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel describes Elizabeth; spring 1557
- This quote was given when Elizabeth was 24 years old, the year before she became Queen herself.
- The reference to a queen in this passage is her sister Mary.

19. Pre-Ruling Conflicts
Before she became Queen, Elizabeth, a Protestant, clashed with her sister Mary and other Catholics.
While her brother Edward was King, Elizabeth was unrightfully implicated in a plot to overthrow the young King by his uncle Thomas Seymour.
Then, in the Wyatt Rebellion of 1554, Queen Mary accused Elizabeth of being in the plot to overthrow her.
- Elizabeth was thought to be part of this plot because Thomas was widely known in his affection or the young princess.
- While Mary was Queen, she was frequently suspicious of Elizabeth and constantly thought that Elizabeth and other Protestants would try to overthrow her.

20. The Captivity of Elizabeth
After the Wyatt Rebellion, Elizabeth was locked up in the Tower of London even though there was no evidence against her.
She was then moved to the gate house at Woodstock Manor in Oxfordshire for one year.
She was let go at the bequest of Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain.
-Although many of Mary’s Catholic followers wanted her executed, she was simply locked up in the Tower of London for two months.
- It was widely known that Mary’s husband, King Phillip of Spain, had actually wanted to marry Elizabeth.

21. Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry
Most thought that the Queen would marry within her first year or so as Queen.
Elizabeth valued the independence she had and did not feel she needed a man to guide her.
It would have also been politically difficult for her to choose a suitable husband.
The Privy Council, whose job it was to choose a husband for the Queen, was too divided to ever agree on a suitable mate.
This made it much easier for Elizabeth to refuse any marriage suggestions or proposals.
'Everything depends upon the husband this woman takes.' -the Spanish ambassador De Feria, 1560
Elizabeth’s unwillingness to marry could have come from the sight of the unsuccessful marriages of her father or a fear of dying in childbirth.
Another reason for not marrying could have just been that she was simply not a romantic person, she was pragmatic and harsh.

22. State of Affairs in 1558
'The Queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed; want of good captains and soldiers; the people out of order; justice not executed; justices of peace unmeet for office; all things dear; excess of meat and drink, and apparel; division among ourselves; war with France and Scotland; the French King, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enmity, but no steadfast friendship abroad.' 
An anonymous contemporary observer in 1558
The conflicting beliefs of King Edward and Queen Mary had left England in a sorry state of affairs at the beginning of her reign.

23. Re-Establishing Protestantism
After Elizabeth was named Queen, she re-established the Protestant Church in England.
She herself believed in toleration of all religions.
She was often forced to take a harsher stance on punishment of Catholics because of the schism between the two sects.
‘There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith… all else is a dispute over trifles.’
-Although she re-established Protestantism, Elizabeth had no problem with Catholics believing whatever they wanted to, as long as they obeyed er as Queen
-in this way, she was a realpolitique

24. The Act of Supremacy
Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the Church of England.
Title of monarch modified to "Supreme Governor of the Church in England". 
Also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take.
If they did not take it, then they would lose their office. 
-The change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as "Head of the Church", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman.

25. The Act of Uniformity Implemented in the summer of 1559
Crux of Elizabethan Church, establishing a set form of worship.
The Prayer books of Edward VI were fused into one, and were to be used in every church in the land.
Church attendance on Sundays and holy days was made compulsory.
The wording of the Communion was to be vague so that Protestants and Catholics could both participate,
Had trouble getting passed through Parliament.
A large number of the Parliament, extremists on both sides, opposed the bill
-There was a twelve pence fine collected if people did not attend church and this money was given to the poor.
-became a remarkable success

26. Puritans
Puritans put power in the local parish, above anything else, which put it in direct conlict with the monarchy.
The Church of England was more dedicated to England and the Queen than to God, which troubled Protestants
Elizabeth's government was able to keep the Puritan movement underground. 
John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, adopted some reforms, but did not want to create Puritan martyrs, as Mary I had created Protestant ones. 
He was also more interested in establishing a uniform clergy rather than debating doctrine. 

27. The Northern Rebellion
In 1569, The Catholics of Northern England started a rebellion with the hopes of taking away the English crown from Elizabeth and giving it to Mary, Queen of Scots.
Led by two members of the Northern nobility:
Charles Neville
Thomas Percy
Led to a Papal Bull set forth by Pope Pius V, The Bull of Deposition (Regnans in Excelsis), excommunicating Elizabeth.
The Bull of Deposition was issued after the putting down of the rebellion but it led Elizabeth to stop her policy of religious toleration.
The Catholic powers of Europe were also ordered to act against the unlawful queen as she was a heretic and enemy of the true faith. 
Elizabeth began the persecution of her religious enemies, which led to more efforts to take her down

28. Political Skill
Elizabeth’s approach to the monarchy was drastically different from any of her predecessors because of her willingness to listen to those around her.
She would change a policy if it was unpopular.
Her approach to politics was serious, conservative, and cautious.
Elizabeth was dedicated to her country in a way few monarchs had been or have been since. Elizabeth had the mind of a political genius and nurtured her country through careful leadership and by choosing capable men to assist her, such as Sir William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham.

29. Advisors
Elizabeth was especially gifted at choosing smart people to help her lead.
Sir William Cecil Secretary of State
Sir Francis Walsingham, The Queen’s Spymaster
-The role of the secretary was mainly advising the Queen, overseeing the preservation of law and order, defending the realm against plots, and genera security
- William Cecil joined Elizabeth as her chief advisor in 1558 and then served her until he died in 1598.
- He was her major confidante and considered one of the greatest statesman in English history. -

30. Indecisive or Compromising?
Many were annoyed by the Queen’s refusal to take sides on the issue of religion.
Protestants felt that she should be more harsh in her treatment of Catholics and punish their religious worship as crime.
But by not persecuting Catholics, she struck a balance that lasted through much of her reign.
She had to endure much less political struggle than her siblings, who were more extremist towards either side.
She also stayed away from foreign entanglements that would put a strain on the economic welfare of England.
She used this same tactic concerning marriage, she did not want to involve the country in any political backlash depending on her choice of spouse.

31. Scotland
Many believed that Mary, Queen of Scots, a catholic, was the rightful Queen of England.
Since Mary too was a female sovereign Queen, Elizabeth was careful about how she recognized Mary’s power because she didn’t want to be in the same situation.
After Mary was forced out of Scotland and fled to England, Elizabeth locked her up in the Tower of London for 20 years.
Although Elizabeth did not want to have her cousin executed, she was forced to send Mary to execution after the plot of Babington was uncovered.
-Since Elizabeth knew Catholics would be outraged if she executed Mary, the Queen kept Mary safe in the tower until she was forced to have her executed.

32. Succession
On her deathbed, Elizabeth passed the crown onto James of Scotland.
He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth’s cousin
Elizabeth felt comfortable in giving the crown to James because he had been raised by Protestant minister with whom Elizabeth had a correspondence.

33. How She Left the Country
England was one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.
It had proved itself to be the strongest Naval force in the World.

34. Conclusion
Overall, Elizabeth was much better at handling the conflicts between feuding portions of the country.
Elizabeth’s skills as a realpolitique helped her manage the balance between the Catholic and Protestant sects.
Henry was much more of a traditional monarch and spent more time on his social and romantic life than on leading the country.

35. Reading YOU NEED THIS FOR POV TEST MONDAY!!! Minimum: Text 404-408
Recommended: Text , 380,