1. The Qing Empire
Jialin Ke

2. Economic and Social Disorder (1800-1839)
Population Pressure
Expansion of agricultural base by early emperors which supported a doubling of the population growth.
Formation of the unemployed and homeless
Population strain causes environmental damage.
Distrust in Government
Suspicions among the people that all government officials were corrupt.
Qing were hated because they were seen as foreign conquerors
People did not like the growing number of foreigners
The Qing were suspected of sympathy with the Europeans

3. Economic and Social Disorder
White Lotus Rebellion
Inspired by the idea that the Ming Dynasty would be restored and the coming of the Buddha
Started in 1794, spread, and not suppressed until 1804
Causes more internal conflicts throughout the 1800s
Social instabilities, local ethnic conflicts

4. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)
British colonies in India smuggle opium into China
The Qing were not aware of the growing opium trade until later when the government realized the harm
1729, the first Qing law banned opium imports
By 1800, annual import of 4000 chests of opium, through smuggling
By 1830, a price war caused by competition between America and Britain, raises opium demands to an annual import of 30,000 chests
Widespread addiction

5. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)

6. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)

7. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)
The emperor decides to enforce the existing ban on opium more strictly and sent Lin ZeXu to deal with the issue.
Opium War ( )
The British saw that the opium ban would limit their trade and threaten Britain’s economy.
Bannermen – hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire
Qing lost terribly because the British had superior technology.
Bannermen still used muskets
British gunboats

8. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)

9. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)

10. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)
Qing decides to negotiate.
Treaty of Nanjing 1842: - 5 treaty ports (cities open to foreign residents), British residents gain extraterritorial rights, and Hong Kong becomes a British colony, low taxes on 5% of imports, an indemnity of 21million ounces of silver,
Supplementary treaty one year later: guarantees most-favored-nation status to Britain, meaning that any privileges given to another country would also be given to Britain.
Results in many treaties with other foreigners
By 1900, over 90 treaty ports
China suffers territorial losses as Europeans claim colonies

11. The Opium War and its aftermath (1839-1850)

12. The Taiping rebellion (1850-1864)
Originated in Guangxi province and initiated by Hong Xiuquan
Poor farmland, poverty, ethnic divisions (that forced the Hakka people to the despised trades)
Hong Xiuquan
Was inspired by Protestant missionaries’ teachings and thought that he was commissioned by God to drive out the Qings to found a new kingdom on earth. He called this movement the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”.
His followers were mainly the Hakkas
Military Reforms
New military units

13. The Taiping rebellion (1850-1864)
Taipings vs. Manchus (Qing)
Taiping forces defeat imperial troops in Guangxi
Taipings (followers of Hong Xiuquan) grew in numbers. They attract followers by replacing their anti-Chinese appeals used to enlist Hakkas with anti-Manchu to enlist Chinese.
Recruited villagers were separated men and women to organize them into work teams.
Taipings Capture Nanjing and make it their capital

14. The Taiping rebellion (1850-1864)

15. The Taiping rebellion (1850-1864)
Foreign Intervention
Britain and France launches a second opium war called the Arrow War ( ) because they felt that the Qing had not observed all the provisions of the treaties.
Britain and France invade Beijing and sack Summer Palace.
Creates more treaties
Satisfied, British and French joins Qing against the Taipings
Qing defeats Taiping with help from British and French forces, and military forces organized by governors (Zeng Guofan).

17. The Taiping rebellion (1850-1864)
Taiping Rebellion was the world’s bloodiest civil war.
Death estimates from 20 million to 30 million.
Most deaths were from starvation and disease.
Results:
Depopulation and destruction of rich agricultural lands in central and eastern China
Suffering and destruction in the cities and cultural centers of eastern China.
Death and Disease
Taipings flee to Laos and Vietname which was infested by the bubonic plague. Disease spreads to Hong Kong, Singapore, San Francisco, etc.

18. Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire (1864-1875)
Qing was completely bankrupt.
Expenditures were 10x revenues
Indemnities demanded by Britain.
Rice fields and productive land was destroyed.
Refugees needed relief and troops demanded wages.
Because the Qing were in their debt, Britain and France help in the period of recovery known as the Tongzhi Restoration.
Zeng Guofan manages recovery work and uses United States as his model. He hired Americans to run his factories and also sent the Chinese to America to learn.

19. Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire (1864-1875)
Reform programs were supported by Empress Dowager Cixi but they were unable to prevent the Empire from disintegration.
The empire came under the control of a group of reformist aristocrats, military men, independently civilian governors, and foreign advisers. There was no central, unified leadership and the Qing Empire dissolved into large power zones.

21. Comparative Perspectives
Similarities
Differences
Did not consider European economic pressure a challenge during the first half of the 19th century
China’s geographic distance protected it from the political tensions between Britain and Russia
By the 1870s, European challenges to the empires had become widely realized (Qing- Opium War, Ottoman-Crimean War)
Ottoman Empire left out of debates with Europeans because they anticipated its demise
Military superiority (and economic pressure) of the Europeans was the greatest challenge for the two rulers of the empires